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pathological processes > PP 11 Basic Molecular Pathology > Flashcards

PP 11 Basic Molecular Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is NSCLC?

A

Non-small cell lung carcinoma
Any type of epithelial lung cancer other than small cell cancer

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2
Q

What oncogenes are associated with lung adenocarcinomas?

A

EGFR - epidermal growth factor receptor
ALK - anaplastic lymphoma kinase
ROS1
KRAS
MET - hepatocytes GFR
RET
Her2 - human epidermal GFR 2

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3
Q

What is EGFR?

A

Epidermal growth factor receptors

Oncogene associated with lung adenocarcinomas

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4
Q

What is ALK?

A

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase

Oncogene associated with lung adenocarcinoma

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5
Q

What is Her2?

A

Human epidermal GFR 2

Oncogene associated with lung adenocarcinoma

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6
Q

How to get a biopsy from a central lung issue?

A

Bronchoscope

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7
Q

When is PDL1 tumour marker requested?

A

In lung squamous cell carcinomas

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8
Q

What lung adenocarcinoma markers tend to be in non smokers?

A

EGFR
ALK
Ros1

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9
Q

What lung adenocarcinoma marker tends to be in smokers?

A

Kras

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10
Q

What population have most mutations of EGFR?

A

Asian

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11
Q

What is EGFR?

Where is it seen?

How is it detected?

Most frequent mutation

Treatment

A

Epidermal growth factor receptor
Oncogene - transmembrane RTK

Lung adenocarcinomas marker

Detected with PCR

Deletion in exon 19 of Ch7

Treatment - anti EGFR TKI drugs gefitinib

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12
Q

What is RTK?

A

Receptor tyrosine kinase

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13
Q

Who is ALK lung molecular marker commonly seen in?

A

Young non smokers

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14
Q

What is ALK?

Where is it seen?

How is it detected?

Most commonly seen in

Treatment

A

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase
Oncogene - RTK insulin receptor

Lung adenocarcinoma marker

Detected with PCR

Young non smoker

Treatment - ATP kinase inhibitors crizotinib

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15
Q

Treatment of EGFR mutation

A

Anti EGFR TKI drugs

e.g. gefitinib

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16
Q

Treatment of ALK mutation

A

ATP kinase inhibitors

e.g. crizotinib

17
Q

What is ROS1?

Where is it seen?

How is it detected?

Treatment

A

Oncogene - RTK insulin receptor

Lung adenocarcinoma marker

Detected with PCR

Treatment - ATP kinase inhibitors crizotinib

18
Q

What type of drug is crizotinib?

A

ATP kinase receptor

Tyrosine kinase inhibitor -tinib

19
Q

What type of drug is gefitinib?

A

Anti EGFR TKI drug

20
Q

What is a TKI drugs?

A

Tyrosine kinase inhibitor

-tinib

21
Q

What is KRAS?

Where is it seen?

How is it detected?

Who is it most commonly seen in?

Treatment

A

Oncogene

Lung adenocarcinoma marker

Detected with PCR

Smokers

Treatment - anti KRAS drugs

22
Q

What is BRAF?

Where is it seen?

How is it detected?

Treatment

A

Oncogene

Lung adenocarcinoma marker

Detected with PCR

Treatment - anti BRAF drugs dabrafenib + trametinib

23
Q

What is the suffix of tyrosine kinase inhibitors?

A

-tinib

24
Q

What type of drugs is trametinib?

A

Anti BRAF drugs

Tyrosine kinase inhibitor -tinib

25
Q

What type of drug is dabrafenib?

A

Anti BRAF drugs

26
Q

Treatment of ROS1 mutation

A

ATP kinase inhibitors

e.g. crizotinib

27
Q

Treatment of KRAS mutation

A

Anti KRAS drugs

28
Q

Treatment of BRAF mutation

A

Anti BRAF drugs

e.g. dabrafenib + trametinib

29
Q

How do cancer immunotherapies work?

A

Tumour cells can express PDL1 (Programmed death ligand 1)
Evade immune response

Inhibit PD1 ligand
e.g. Nivolumab / Pembrolizumab against PD-1R
e.g. Atezolizumab and Duralumba against PDL1
This reverses reverses T cell exhaustion&raquo_space; activation of host anti-tumour immune response
Cancers cell die.

30
Q

What drugs can be used against PDL1?

A

Receptor - nivolumab +pembrolizumab
Ligand - atezolizumab + duralumba

31
Q

How do cancer cells stay alive?

A

Produced growth factors

e.g. PDGF - platelet derived growth factor
TBF beta - transforming growth factor

32
Q

What is PDL1?

A

Programmed death ligand 1

pathological processes (14 decks)

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