PP 11 Basic Molecular Pathology Flashcards
What is NSCLC?
Non-small cell lung carcinoma
Any type of epithelial lung cancer other than small cell cancer
What oncogenes are associated with lung adenocarcinomas?
EGFR - epidermal growth factor receptor
ALK - anaplastic lymphoma kinase
ROS1
KRAS
MET - hepatocytes GFR
RET
Her2 - human epidermal GFR 2
What is EGFR?
Epidermal growth factor receptors
Oncogene associated with lung adenocarcinomas
What is ALK?
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase
Oncogene associated with lung adenocarcinoma
What is Her2?
Human epidermal GFR 2
Oncogene associated with lung adenocarcinoma
How to get a biopsy from a central lung issue?
Bronchoscope
When is PDL1 tumour marker requested?
In lung squamous cell carcinomas
What lung adenocarcinoma markers tend to be in non smokers?
EGFR
ALK
Ros1
What lung adenocarcinoma marker tends to be in smokers?
Kras
What population have most mutations of EGFR?
Asian
What is EGFR?
Where is it seen?
How is it detected?
Most frequent mutation
Treatment
Epidermal growth factor receptor
Oncogene - transmembrane RTK
Lung adenocarcinomas marker
Detected with PCR
Deletion in exon 19 of Ch7
Treatment - anti EGFR TKI drugs gefitinib
What is RTK?
Receptor tyrosine kinase
Who is ALK lung molecular marker commonly seen in?
Young non smokers
What is ALK?
Where is it seen?
How is it detected?
Most commonly seen in
Treatment
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase
Oncogene - RTK insulin receptor
Lung adenocarcinoma marker
Detected with PCR
Young non smoker
Treatment - ATP kinase inhibitors crizotinib
Treatment of EGFR mutation
Anti EGFR TKI drugs
e.g. gefitinib
Treatment of ALK mutation
ATP kinase inhibitors
e.g. crizotinib
What is ROS1?
Where is it seen?
How is it detected?
Treatment
Oncogene - RTK insulin receptor
Lung adenocarcinoma marker
Detected with PCR
Treatment - ATP kinase inhibitors crizotinib
What type of drug is crizotinib?
ATP kinase receptor
Tyrosine kinase inhibitor -tinib
What type of drug is gefitinib?
Anti EGFR TKI drug
What is a TKI drugs?
Tyrosine kinase inhibitor
-tinib
What is KRAS?
Where is it seen?
How is it detected?
Who is it most commonly seen in?
Treatment
Oncogene
Lung adenocarcinoma marker
Detected with PCR
Smokers
Treatment - anti KRAS drugs
What is BRAF?
Where is it seen?
How is it detected?
Treatment
Oncogene
Lung adenocarcinoma marker
Detected with PCR
Treatment - anti BRAF drugs dabrafenib + trametinib
What is the suffix of tyrosine kinase inhibitors?
-tinib
What type of drugs is trametinib?
Anti BRAF drugs
Tyrosine kinase inhibitor -tinib
What type of drug is dabrafenib?
Anti BRAF drugs
Treatment of ROS1 mutation
ATP kinase inhibitors
e.g. crizotinib
Treatment of KRAS mutation
Anti KRAS drugs
Treatment of BRAF mutation
Anti BRAF drugs
e.g. dabrafenib + trametinib
How do cancer immunotherapies work?
Tumour cells can express PDL1 (Programmed death ligand 1)
Evade immune response
Inhibit PD1 ligand
e.g. Nivolumab / Pembrolizumab against PD-1R
e.g. Atezolizumab and Duralumba against PDL1
This reverses reverses T cell exhaustion»_space; activation of host anti-tumour immune response
Cancers cell die.
What drugs can be used against PDL1?
Receptor - nivolumab +pembrolizumab
Ligand - atezolizumab + duralumba
How do cancer cells stay alive?
Produced growth factors
e.g. PDGF - platelet derived growth factor
TBF beta - transforming growth factor
What is PDL1?
Programmed death ligand 1
