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Virology > Poxviridae (Ex2) > Flashcards

Poxviridae (Ex2) Flashcards

1
Q

General properties of Poxviridae

morphology, two types, DNA, location of replication, stability

A
  • large, pleomorphic, sometimes enveloped, DNA virus with complex structure
  • irregular surface of projecting tubular or globular structures
  • extracellular enveloped virus (inner membrane and envelope), and intracellular mature virus (only inner membrane)
  • single molecule of linear double stranded DNA
  • replication occurs in the cytoplasm
  • high resistance in environment and scabs
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2
Q

How are poxviruses transmitted?

A
  • through broken or lacerated skin
  • inhalation of aerosol
  • mechanically by biting arthropods
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3
Q

Describe the spread of poxviruses in the body

A
  • after entry, the virus gains access to systemic circulation via the lymphatics
  • a secondary viremia disseminates the virus back to the skin and other target organs
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4
Q

Describe the skin lesions caused by poxviruses

including order of lesion development

A
  • degenerative changes in epithelium
  • rupture of pustules can predispose to secondary bacterial infections
  • macule > papule > vesicle > pustule > ulcer or scab > scar and healing
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5
Q

Hosts and reservoir of Cowpox

A

Hosts: cattle, cats, humans, zoo animals
Reservoir: rodents

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6
Q

What is the genus of Poxviridae that causes Cowpox?

A

Orthopoxvirus

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7
Q

Transmission of Cowpox

cattle and cats

A 
Cattle: cow to cow in a herd from infected milkers hands or teat cups
- infected farm cats
- rodent reservoirs
Cats: skin inoculation
- rodents
- oro-nasal route
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8
Q

Clinical signs of Cowpox in Cattle

A
  • mildly febrile
  • papules appear on teats and udder
  • suckling calves develop lesions in mouth
  • vesicles may rupture, leaving raw, ulcerated areas that form scabs
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9
Q

Clinical signs of Cowpox in Cats

A

Primary lesions: lesions on head, neck, or forelimb
- small, scabbed wound to large abscess
Secondary: widespread, develop into discrete, circular, ulcerated papules
- ulcers become covered by scabs

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10
Q

Clinical signs of Cowpox in Humans

A
  • macropapular lesions on hands and face
  • enlarged, painful local lymph nodes
  • fever, vomiting, sore throat
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11
Q

What is Monkeypox?

What genus of Poxviridae?

A
  • in monkeys, a disease characterized by generalized skin eruptions, developing to papules on the trunk, face, palms, and sole
  • Orthopoxvirus
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12
Q

What is Pseudocowpox?

What genus of Poxviridae?

A
  • a viral skin disease that causes mild sores on teats and udders of cows
  • referred to as Milker’s Nodule
  • Parapoxvirus
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13
Q

Transmission of Pseudocowpox

A
  • source is the infected cattle
  • contaminated milker’s hands, teat cups
  • biting insects
  • suckling calves are infected
  • semen of bulls
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14
Q

Describe acute lesions of Pseudocowpox

A
  • erythema > papules > vesicle or pustule > rupture > thick scab
  • scab becomes elevated due to accumulation of granulation tissue
  • scab drops off after 7-10 days, leaving horse-shoe shaped ring of small scabs surrounding a small wart-like granuloma
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15
Q

Describe chronic lesions of Pseudocowpox

A
  • commences as erythema
  • yellow-gray, soft scabs rubbed off during milking
  • skin is corrugated
  • no pain
  • may persist for months
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16
Q

Treatment of Pseudocowpox

A
  • remove scabs and burn to prevent environmental contamination
  • application of emollient ointment before milking
  • application of astringent preparation after milking
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17
Q

Pseudocowpox in Humans

A
  • Milker’s Nodule

- mild skin lesions on hands

18
Q

What are the hosts of Contagious Ecthyma (ORF)?

What is the genus and family?

A
  • sheep and goats, mainly lambs and kids

- Poxviridae, parapoxvirus

19
Q

Transmission of ORF

A
  • scabs that fall off from healing lesions contain the virus
  • remains stable in environment
  • contaminated instruments
  • rapid spread in flock
  • infection through damaged skin
  • oral lesions in suckling kids and lambs from infected teats of mother and vice versa
20
Q

Clinical signs of ORF

A
  • first lesions in mucocutaneous junction, accompanied by swelling of lips
  • lesions spread to muzzle and nostrils
  • anorexia and weight loss
  • lesions on teats, secondary bacterial leading to mastitis
  • severe cases show lesions in feet, genitals, and ears (infertility, lameness)
  • scab falls off in 1-4 weeks, no scar
21
Q

Evolution of lesions in ORF

A

macule > papule > vesicle > pustule > ulcer > scab formation

22
Q

Vaccination for ORF

A
  • vaccine prepared from suspension of scabs in glycerol saline, and painted on small area of scarified skin
  • should not be used on farms with no ORF
  • inspect lamb 1 week after vaccination
  • do not offer long-lasting immunity
  • vaccinate pregnant ewes
23
Q

ORF in humans

A
  • macro-papular lesions and large nodular lesions on fingers, hand, arm, face
  • healing without scar
  • secondary bacterial infections possible
24
Q

What is the genus of Sheeppox and Goatpox

A

Capripoxvirus

25
Q

Tranmission of Sheeppox and Goatpox

A
  • highly contagious
  • enters respiratory tract via aerosol
  • also spread through mucus membrane or abraded skin via direct contact
  • virus present in nasal and oral secretions for weeks
  • can survive in dry scabs for months
  • mechanical via biting arthropods
26
Q

Pathogenesis of Sheeppox

A
  • incubation period is followed by a leukocyte-associated viremia
  • virus localizes in the skin and other organs
  • deposition of immune complexes results in severe necrotizing vasculitis in arterioles and postcapillary venules of the skin
  • results in ischemic necrosis of dermis and epidermis
27
Q

Sheeppox Clinical Signs

A

Malignant form: lambs and susceptible breeds
- marked depression and prostration, high fever, salivation, lacrimation, edema of eyelids, serous nasal discharge
- pox lesions on mucosa, extend to other tissues
- secondary pneumonia common
- cutaneous nodules, heal leaving star shaped scar
Benign: adults and resistant breeds
- only skin lesions occur

28
Q

Goatpox

A
  • reportable
  • in Africa, Asia, Europe
  • young kids get systemic disease with lesions on skin, respiratory, and alimentary mucosa
  • milder form in adults
29
Q

Lumpy Skin disease

genus/family, transmission, host, signs, control

A
  • Poxviridae, capripoxvirus
  • Arthropod vector, direct contact
  • fever, nodular lesions on skin and mucous membranes, lymphadenopathy
  • live attenuated vaccines
  • slaughter affected and in contact animals
30
Q

Transmission of Swinepox

A
  • direct contact with skin injury
  • mechanical by pig louse, flies, and insects
  • transplacental infection
31
Q

Clinical signs of Swinepox

A
  • transient fever
  • typical pox lesions, mostly on abdomen and inner thighs
  • exudative epidermatitis and secondary bacterial dermatitis occur often
  • lesions may appear in upper respiratory tract and digestive tract
32
Q

Transmission of Fowlpox

A
  • resistant to desiccation
  • can survive in scabs
  • transmitted through minor wounds
  • mechanically by arthropods
  • possibly by aerosol
33
Q

What are the forms of Fowlpox?

A
  • Cutaneous form (dry)
  • Diphtheritic form (wet)
  • Ocular form
34
Q

Clinical signs of Dry form of Fowlpox

A
  • low mortality
  • small papules on comb, wattles, and around beak
  • lesions can develop on legs, feet, and around cloaca
  • nodules become yellowish and progress to thick scab
  • sharp fall in egg production
35
Q

Clinical signs of Wet form of Fowlpox

A
  • infection of mucus membranes of mouth, pharynx, larynx, and trachea
  • lesions result in pseudomembrane, which can lead to asphyxiation
  • poor prognosis
36
Q

Clinical signs of Ocular form of Fowlpox

A
  • conjunctivitis

- cheesy exudate accumulates under the eue

37
Q

What are Bollinger Bodies?

A

eosinophilic granular intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies

38
Q

What are Borrel Bodies?

A

minute spherical bodies obtained by tryptic digestion of Bollinger bodies
- occur inside Bollinger bodies

39
Q

Ulcerative Dermatosis of Sheep

transmission, signs

A
  • transmitted through damaged skin or coitus
  • lesions are ulcers with a raw crater that bleeds easily
  • two clinical forms: lip and leg ulceration, and venereal form
40
Q

What are Type-B or Guarnieri inclusion bodies?

A
  • most poxviruses induce the presence of these

- slightly basophilic and composed of viral particles and protein aggregates

41
Q

What are Type-A or ATI inclusion bodies?

A
  • some poxviruses induce these

- strongly eosinophilic

42
Q

What is the shape of orthopoxviruses and parapoxviruses?

A

Ortho: brick shaped
Para: ovoid shaped

Virology (15 decks)

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