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Virology > General-Structure-Etc. (Ex1) > Flashcards

General-Structure-Etc. (Ex1) Flashcards

1
Q 
What are viruses?
General Features (6)
A
  • non-living entities
  • contain nucleic acid genome surrounded by protein coat
  • do not possess organelles
  • cannot make energy or proteins by themselves
  • are obligate intracellular parasites
  • cannot multiply by division
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2
Q

What is a virion?

A

a complete virus particle that consists of an RNA/DNA core with a protein coat

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3
Q

Edward Jenner

A
  • invented vaccinations

- cowpox matter to prevent small pox

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4
Q

Charles Chamberland

A
  • invented the Chamberland filter

- pores smaller than bacteria

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5
Q

Louis Pasteur

A
  • created Rabies vaccine

- infected rabbit brain material into patients

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6
Q

Martinus Beijerinck

A
  • called infectious substance a virus

- Tobacco Mosaic virus

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7
Q

Friedrich Loeffler and Paul Frosch

A
  • discovered cause of foot and mouth disease
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8
Q

Walter Reed

A
  • conqueror of yellow fever

- spread by mosquitoes

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9
Q

Peyton Rous

A
  • isolated first tumor-causing animal virus

- Rous sarcoma virus

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10
Q

Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll

A

invented electron microscope

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11
Q

Woodruff, Goodpasture, and Burnet

A
  • propagated fowlpoxvirus in embryonated hens eggs
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12
Q

Which are the smallest viruses?

A
  • Porcine circovirus type 1

- Parvoviruses

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13
Q

Which are the largest viruses?

A
  • Pandoravirus

- Poxvirus

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14
Q

What is a capsid?

A

the protein shell of a virus that encases the viral nucleic acid or genome
- made up of capsomeres

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15
Q

What is the Triangulation number and what is the equation to calculate it?

A
  • describes the relation between the number of pentagons and hexagons of the icosahedron
  • the larger the number, the more hexagons relative to pentagons
  • T=(h^2 + h)(k + k^2)
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16
Q

What are the functions of the viral envelope?

A
  • facilitates entry into host cells

- helps virus adapt fast and evade host immune system

17
Q

Describe virus envelope glycoproteins

A
  • anchored in the lipid bilayer by hydrophobic bonds
  • transmembrane proteins with large external domain and small cytoplasmic domain
  • external (antigens), channel, fusion
18
Q

Features of Electron Microscopy

A
  • Biological materials need to be stained
  • Requires negative staining with electron dense material
  • not very detailed
19
Q

Features of Cryo-Electron Microscopy

A
  • biological specimens in their native environment
20
Q

What are the functions of the viral capsid?

A
  • structural symmetry of virus particle
  • protects viral nucleic acid
  • facilitates attachment to receptors on host cell
  • transport of viral genome to specific site
  • determines antigenicity of virus
21
Q

Describe the virus envelope matrix proteins

A
  • link the internal nucleocapsid to the envelope
  • crucial role in virus assembly
  • stabilization of lipid envelope
  • recognition site of nucleocapsid at the plasma membrane and mediates encapsidation of nucleoprotein cores into membrane envelope
22
Q

Positive Sense RNA Virus

A
  • has an infectious genome

- similar to mRNA and can be immediately translated by host cell

23
Q

Negative Sense RNA Virus

A
  • has non-infectious genome

- complementary to mRNA and must be converted to positive sense before translation

24
Q

What happens in each of the point mutations?

silent, nonsense, missense

A

Silent: codes for the same amino acid
Nonsense: codes for a stop codon
Missense: codes for a different amino acid

25
Q

What happens in recombination?

A

exchange of nucleotide sequences between different, but closely related, viruses during replication
- involves a single gene segment

26
Q

What happens in reassortment?

A

coinfection with two different strains

  • segments mixed up in host
  • forms reassortment progeny
  • only in viruses with multiple gene segments
27
Q

What are lysins?

A

hydrolytic enzymes produced by bacteriophages to cleave the host’s cell walls

28
Q

What is retroviral integrase?

A

enzyme produced by a retrovirus that enables its genetic material to be integrated into the DNA of the infected cells

29
Q

What is reverse transcriptase?

A

enzyme used to generate complementary DNA from an RNA template

30
Q

What are neuraminidases?

A

enzymes that cleave glycosidic bonds which allows release of viruses from host cell

31
Q

What are Defective Interfering Particles?

A

when the defective virus cannot replicate, but it can interfere with other congeneric mature virions entering the cells

32
Q

What is a pseudovirion?

A
  • contains non-viral genome within the viral capsid

- looks ordinary but does not replicate

Virology (15 decks)

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