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Applied Cardiovascular > Powerpoint 4 > Flashcards

Powerpoint 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Each muscle strand of the myocardium consists of ____, ____, and ____.

A

Myofibrils, myosin, and actin

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2
Q

What are the components of the conduction system?

A
  • SA node (sinus node)
  • Inter-nodal pathways
  • AV node (atrioventricular node)
  • Bundle of HIS
  • Bundle branches
  • Purkinge fibers
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3
Q

What is located in terminal groove just below SVC on epicardial surface of RA?

A

SA node

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4
Q

The SA node initiates each cardiac cycle and is considered the ____ of the heart.

A

Pacemaker

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5
Q

What is the SA node rate?

A

60-100 bpm

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6
Q

Where is the AV node located?

A

It lies near the interatrial septum on floor of RA. It’s bordered by the TV septal leaflet and coronary sinus.

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7
Q

What is the AV node rate?

A

40-60 bpm

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8
Q

The AV node will delay impulses from SA node ____ second.

A

0.1 sec

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9
Q

The ____ ____ ____ is a thin bundle which connects the AV node to the right and left bundle branches.

A

Bundle of HIS

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10
Q

What is the bundle of HIS rate?

A

40-60 bpm

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11
Q

What sends impulse from SA node to LA for atrial contraction?

A

Bachman’s bundle

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12
Q

What are the two major branches that run through the ventricular septum from bundle of HIS to purkinge fibers?

A

Bundle branches

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13
Q

____ ____ course through endocardium of both ventricles, including trabeculations, papillary muscles, and moderator band.

A

Purkinge fibers

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14
Q

What is the rate of purkinge fibers?

A

20-40 bpm

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15
Q

What is it called when a resting cardiac cell is in a polarized state?

A

Resting membrane potential

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16
Q

____ ____ is created when an electrical impulse reaches a cardiac cell, and a threshold potential has been achieved.

A

Action potential

17
Q

____ is when a change occurs inside a cell that causes the distribution of electric charges (electrolytes) to alter, leaving the cell with a less negative charge than the outside.

A

Depolarization

18
Q

____ is the recovery from the depolarization state.

A

Repolarization

19
Q

In what action potential phase is cardiac cell rapid depolarization? (this is where sodium rapidly enters the cell and potassium leaves the cell)

A

Phase 0-1

20
Q

In what action potential phase is early rapid repolarization? (this is where potassium begins to reenter the cell as sodium leaves it)

A

Phase 1

21
Q

Which action potential phase is known as the plateau phase? (marks the point at which CA+ enters the cardiac cell, causing cell contraction)

A

Phase 2

22
Q

Action potential phase 2 coincides with the ____ segment of EKG.

A

ST

23
Q

Which action potential phase is final rapid repolarization? (this is when the cell repolarizes by pumping sodium and CA+ out while potassium returns to the cell)

A

Phase 3

24
Q

What action potential phase is considered the resting phase? (this is when sodium and calcium remain outside the cell while potassium remains inside the cell)

A

Phase 4

25
Q

During ____ ____ ____ (phase 1 and 2) the cardiac cell will not respond to another stimulus, no matter how strong.

A

Absolute refractory period

26
Q

During ____ ____ ____ (phase 2 and 3) the cardiac cell can be stimulates again but the stimulus must be stronger than usual.

A

Relative refractory period

27
Q

Normally, ______ events briefly proceed _____ events.

A

Electrical; Mechanical

28
Q

Two main coronary arteries, the left main (LCA) and the right main (RCA) arise from the _____ in the aorta.

A

Sinus of valsalva

29
Q

The left anterior descending (LAD) is located in the _____.

A

Anterior interventricular sulcus/groove

30
Q

The posterior descending artery (PDA) is located in the _____.

A

Posterior interventricular sulcus/groove

31
Q

What is located in the atrioventricular sulcus/groove?

A

Left main coronary artery (LCA), Right main coronary (RCA), and circumflex artery

32
Q

There is a considerable amount of variation in _____ of main coronaries to posterior descending coronary.

A

Dominance (right or left dominent)

33
Q

The left main coronary bifurcates into the ____ and ____.

A

LAD and circumflex artery

34
Q

If a patient has a left dominant system, the _____ feeds into the posterior descending artery.

A

Circumflex (30% of cases)

35
Q

If a patient has a right dominant system, the _____ feeds into the posterior descending artery.

A

Right coronary artery (RCA) (70% of cases)

36
Q

The right main coronary bifurcates into ____ and ____.

A

Acute/right marginal and PDA

37
Q

The ____ ____ ____ drains blood from the anterior heart.

A

Great cardiac vein

38
Q

The ____ ____ ____ drains blood from the posterior heart.

A

Middle cardiac vein

Applied Cardiovascular (12 decks)

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