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Biology 121 > Power Point 2, 3 & 4 > Flashcards

Power Point 2, 3 & 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Evolution is the ___ ___ in biology.

A

The unifying principle.

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2
Q

What are Human (anthropogenic) influences on biodiversity?

A

Habitat destruction, invasive species (and biocontrol), changes on the prairies (fire, etc.), but also values of preserving biodiversity.

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3
Q

What happened during the Cambrian Explosion?

A

Most of the phylum we consider normal appeared. Fossil beds give the most evidence of this.

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4
Q

Who is Stephan J. Gould?

A

A scientist who studied Burgess Shale fossils (relating to Cambrian Explosion) and saw that things were evolving and things were becoming extinct. He believes the humans are here by accident, and if something had gone slightly differently humans as we know them would not be here.

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5
Q

How many species are there? (Estimated)

A

2-10 million.

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6
Q

What basic problem does evolution address?

A

Evolution addresses the basic problem of trying to explain diversity of organisms on earth and how they arose.

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7
Q

Finish this sentence:

Evolution is the notion that

A

Evolution is the notion that living things change gradually from one form into another over the course of time,

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8
Q

What is the first characteristic of life?

A

That life consists of one or more cells.

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9
Q

What characteristic can all forms of life be divided based on?

A

They cellular structure (unicellular vs multi-cellular).

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10
Q

What is the main difference between unicellular organisms and multi-cellular organisms?

A

Unicellular organisms have a single cell in which all functions are performed, while multi-cellular organisms have multiple cells with specialized functions.

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11
Q

True or False: All unicellular organisms are bacteria protists.

A

False. There is unicellular algae, protozoa, and other organisms that are unicellular but not bacteria.

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12
Q

Who was the first person to see a protist?

A

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, from Holland. He made simple microscopes.

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13
Q

Other than unicellular and multi-cellular, what other classification can all living organisms be divided into?

A

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.

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14
Q

What is a Prokaryote?

A

A cell that lacks a membrane-enclosed nucleus.

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15
Q

What is an Eukaryote?

A

A cell with a true, membrane-bound, nucleus. It also has membrane-bound organelles.

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16
Q

What does Symbiosis mean and what three types are there?

A

Symbiosis means interactions between two types of organisms, and there is Commensalism, Mutualism, and Parasitism.

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17
Q

What is Commensualism?

A

A type of Symbiosis where one organism benefits and the other is unaffected.

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18
Q

What is Mutualism?

A

A type of Symbiosis where both organisms benefit.

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19
Q

What is Parasitism?

A

A type of Symbiosis where one organism benefits and the other one is harmed.

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20
Q

What is Cell Theory or the “cellular principle”?

A

That life consists of one or more cells, and cells are the basic unit of life. Therefore life is highly organized and maintaining a highly organized state is costly, so life requires a constant input of energy and raw materials.

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21
Q

What is the second characteristic of life?

A

Life requires a constant input of energy and raw materials.

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22
Q

What is an Autotroph?

A

An organism that synthesizes its own food (“Self Feeders”); it uses an external energy source to produce organic matter from inorganic raw materials. There are two types.

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23
Q

What is a Photoautotroph?

A

An organism that uses light from sun (energy) and inorganic materials (water and carbon dioxide) to produce organic matter and energy.

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24
Q

What is a Chemoautotroph?

A

An organism that uses inorganic compounds - Hydrogen gas, Sulfide, NH3, nitrites, Iron - as energy sources.

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25
Q

What are Heterotrophs?

A

Organisms that require performed organic molecules. They use energy in organic matter by obtaining-eating-it from other organisms. There are two types of Heterotrophs.

26
Q

What is a Photoheterotroph?

A

An organism that uses light from the sun to generate ATP, but needs to take in organic compounds from its environment. An example is bacteria like Halobacterium.

27
Q

What is a Chemoheterotroph?

A

An organism that must obtain organic compounds for both energy and as a carbon source. Most heterotrophs are this type. A bacterium example is Propionibacterium acnes.

28
Q

What can Heterotrophs be divided by?

A

Their trophic level, which is there energy level in a food chain.

29
Q

What is a Consumer?

A

A trophic level where organisms feed on other organisms.

30
Q

What is a Herbivore?

A

A consumer that eats plant materials.

31
Q

What is a Carnivore?

A

A consumer that eats animal tissues.

32
Q

What is an Omnivore?

A

A consumer that eats both plant and animal materials.

33
Q

What are Detritivores?

A

A trophic level where the organism feeds on dead organic material by ingesting it. E.g. Dung Beetles, earthworms, maggots, etc.

34
Q

What are Saprotrophs?

A

Formerly Decomposers, a trophic level where organisms feed on dead organic material by secreting digestive enzymes into it and absorbing the products of digestion. Example: Fungi

35
Q

What is the third characteristic of life?

A

Living organisms can regulate their internal environment; therefore, life has a strong homeostatic quality.

36
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

Maintaining an internal steady state; chemical and physical consistency in the face of changes in surroundings.

37
Q

What are important special problems with Homeostasis and Animal Physiology?

A
  1. The regulation of nitrogen in living bodies
  2. Transport of oxygen and elimination of Carbon Dioxide - passive in tiny animals, active in large organisms
  3. Regulation of body temperature
38
Q

What is the fourth characteristic of life?

A

Life makes many short-term responses to stimuli in the surroundings.

39
Q

True or False: The ability to respond to stimuli is essential to all aspects of life.

A

True.

40
Q

What are some examples of short-term responses to stimuli?

A

Taste receptors (chemoreceptor cells).

41
Q

What is the fifth characteristic of life?

A

Life reproduces itself.

42
Q

List three facts about Reproduction.

A
  1. It’s the most obvious and unique characteristic of life
  2. Perpetuation is key to survival
  3. All of the chemical and physical qualities of life, or those which characterize and define each life form, are “replicated” and “preserved” in a new generation of cells and individuals.
43
Q

What are the four types of asexual reproduction?

A

Fission, Budding, Fragmentation and Regeneration, and Parthenogenesis (Apomixis)

44
Q

What is Fission?

A

When one individual separates into two individuals of equal size (binary fission) or into several individuals of equal size (multiple fission).

45
Q

What is Budding?

A

When a new individual arises from an outgrowth of another - a “daughter” of a different size.

46
Q

What is Fragmentation and Regeneration?

A

When the parent breaks off into pieces, each piece gives rise to a new individual.

47
Q

What is Parthenogenesis?

A

The development of an individual from an unfertilized egg. Many insects go through this. Haploid organisms.

48
Q

What is Apomixis?

A

Parthenogenesis in plants; asexual reproduction without fertilization.

49
Q

What are the two types of sexual reproduction?

A

Conjugation and Gametogony.

50
Q

What is Conjugation?

A

When two organisms fuse along a common surface and exchange micronuclei (genetic material). There is no increase in the number of individuals.

51
Q

What is Gametogony?

A

The production of gametes - through fertilization to produce new individuals.

52
Q

What are the advantages of Asexual Reproduction?

A

There are a large number of offspring, produced rapidly, and only one individual is required.

53
Q

What is a disadvantage of Asexual Reproduction?

A

There is little or no genetic variation among the population (difficult to adapt to changing environments).

54
Q

What are advantages to Sexual Reproduction?

A

It increases the genetic variation through new genotypes and enhances reproductive success in changing environments. High genetic diversity means greater ability of some individuals to survive in a changing environment.

55
Q

What is a disadvantage of Sexual Reproduction?

A

A mate needs to be located; takes more energy.

56
Q

What is the sixth characteristic of life?

A

Growth and Development.

57
Q

What is meant by “Growth and Development”?

A

Those processes that increase the amount of living substance in the organism equal an increase in cellular mass that is brought about by an increase in the size of the individual cells or by an increase in the number of cells, or both.

58
Q

What is the (sometimes excluded) seventh characteristic of life?

A

Movement.

59
Q

What can Movement consist of?

A

Locomotion (moving of an organism from one place to another - this does not occur in all living things) and the movement of living material (e.g. the streaming motion of living material in amoeba, or the movement of nutrients in plants).

60
Q

What is the eighth characteristic of life?

A

That life adapts through evolution; the physical, chemical, and behavioral characteristics of life.

61
Q

Evolution is only possible because of the numerous ___ that exist within each species.

A

Variations.

62
Q

What are the Eight Characteristics of Life?

A
  1. Consists of one or more cells
  2. Life requires a constant input of energy and raw materials
  3. Living organisms can regulate their internal environment
  4. Life makes many short-term responses to stimuli
  5. Life reproduces itself
  6. Growth and Development
  7. Movement
  8. Life adapts through evolution

Biology 121 (17 decks)

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