BioLab8 Flashcards
What do Enchinodermata consist of?
Marine animals such as starfish, sea urchins, brittle stars, and sea cucumbers.
What is there on the endoskeleton of the echinodermata?
Calcareous plates and spines within their skin.
What type of symmetry do Echinodermata have?
Pentaradial symmetry; has five arms radiating from a central disc.
What is the body plan of Echinodermata?
Triploblastic Coelomate.
What does the water vascular system provide for Echinodermata?
Forces needed for locomotion and feeding. It is a network of canals that extends into each arm and connects to many tiny tube feet with suckers.
Where do starfish live?
In cold-water tidal regions where it can survive the loss of one third of its body fluids.
What do starfish feed on?
Mussels, chitons, snails, and barnacles.
What does the madreporite on the pisaster do?
It is a small, light coloured spot that allows water to move in/out of the starfish.
What are the tube feet on the Pisaster used for?
They are the site of gas exchange and have muscles and nerve fibres that allow the starfish to manipulate its food. They can also be withdrawn and protected by a row of spines it the starfish is threatened. Smaller tube feet are modified as sensory tentacles at the tip of each arm.
What is the red spot on the pisaster?
Located on each arm and is sensitive to light.
Where is the mouth on the pisaster?
On the ventral side in the centre of the central disc, surrounded by a protective ring of spines.
What are branchiae?
Brownish sac-like structures found between the spines of the organisms which function in gas exchange.
What are pedicellariae?
Tiny pincers located on flexible stalks which clean and protect the surface of the starfish?
What are the two stomachs in the central disc of the pisaster?
Pyloric stomach that lies on top of the cardiac stomach.
What is the cardiac stomach used for?
After starfish has used its tube feet to force open the shells of its prey, the cardiac stomach comes out of the body to engulf and digest the soft tissues of the prey
What are attached to the pyloric stomach?
Two long digestive glands found in each arm that attach to the pyloric stomach by a small duct.
What are the two major functions of the digestive glands in the starfish?
- To secrete digestive enzymes into the pyloric stomach
2. To serve as a storage site for digested food material
What are Ampullae and where are they found on the starfish?
Sacs which are part of the water vascular system and are attached to tube feet.
How do Pisasters reproduce?
Starfish have separate sexes and produce gametes found in the gonads of each arm. Gametes are released into the water, where fertilization occurs. Ciliated, bilaterally symmetrical larvae are produced, which subsequently develop into small starfish with pentradial symmetry.
Who are some friends of the Pisaster?
Brittle star, sea lily, sea urchin, and sea cucumber.
What are the two groups that the phylum chordata are divided into?
Invertebrate chordates: without a backbone
Vertebrate Chordates: with a backbone
What are the 6 groups of Vertebrate Chordates?
Chondichthyes (cartilaginous fish), Osteichthyes (bony fish), Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves (birds) and Mammalia
What type of symmetry do Chordates have?
Bilateral.
Are Chordates segmented?
Yes.
What is the body plan of chordates?
Triploblastic coelomate.
What are 4 characteristics found in all chordates?
Notochord, hollow dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, and post-anal tail.
What is Perca?
A bony, yellow fish that is a predator.
What do Perca feed on?
Smaller fish, worms, crustaceans, and insects.
What covers the Perca for protection?
Bony scales.
What does the mucus secreted by a thin layer of skin of the body of the Perca do?
Protets the skin and eases the passage of the fish in water.
What adaptation does the Perca utilize to catch and ingest prey?
A upper and lower jaw.
What sense organs does the Perca have?
Eyes, internal ears, two pairs of nostrils, olfactory sac (detects chemical changes in water).
What does the lateral line system of the Perca consist of?
Small pores which are connected to internal tubular canals bearing sense organs.
How many and what types of fins do Perca have?
2 dorsal, 1 anal, and 1 caudal
What is each fin composed of in the PErca?
Bony fin rays.
How many paired fins are there?
2 pairs.
The 2 pectoral fins lie on the lateral surface of the body just behind the head.
The 2 pelvic fins are immediately ventral to the pectoral fins.
What adaptation is there on the Perca to protect its gills?
A gill cover/ operculum.
What does each gill consist of?
A supporting gill arch with a double row of soft gill filaments on the convex surface which increase the surface area for gas exchange and short bony projections called gill rakers on the concave surface.
What are gill rakers used for?
Protecting the gills from damage by straining out large particles which may damage them.
What is the swim bladder?
Silvery thin-walled sac that develops embryologically as an outpushing from the pharynx. It serves to keep the fish buoyant in water.
Describe the digestive system of the Perca after food particles have gone through the stomachs.
The intestine continues to the anus, along which there are yellow masses called fat bodies. The spleen, a flat, gray structure, functions in the production and storage of blood cells.
How do Perch reproduce?
Sexually with separate sexes. Male perch produce sperm in two elongated testes and female perch produce egg in a single ovary.
Describe the process in which Perch take in oxygen.
The sinus venous collects deoxygenated blood from the body tissues, the blood moves into the atrium and is pumped into the ventricle. From here it is pumped anteriorly into an expanded artery, the bulbus arteriosus, which narrows to form the ventral aorta that takes the deoxygenated blood to the gills for oxygenation.
The dorsal aorta takes oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body
What two types of locomotion do perch use?
Axial locomotion and undulatory swimming.
List some friends of Perch.
Amphioxus, Minnow, Shark, Newt, Frog, Snake, Turtle, Bird, and Mammals.
What did the first vertebrates (amphibians) likely evolve from?
Lobe-finned fish.
What type of locomotion did Vertebrates transition from and to when they moved to land.
From axial locomotion to appendicular locomotion.
