BioLab8

Question 1

What do Enchinodermata consist of?

Answer 1

Marine animals such as starfish, sea urchins, brittle stars, and sea cucumbers.

Question 2

What is there on the endoskeleton of the echinodermata?

Answer 2

Calcareous plates and spines within their skin.

Question 3

What type of symmetry do Echinodermata have?

Answer 3

Pentaradial symmetry; has five arms radiating from a central disc.

Question 4

What is the body plan of Echinodermata?

Answer 4

Triploblastic Coelomate.

Question 5

What does the water vascular system provide for Echinodermata?

Answer 5

Forces needed for locomotion and feeding. It is a network of canals that extends into each arm and connects to many tiny tube feet with suckers.

Question 6

Where do starfish live?

Answer 6

In cold-water tidal regions where it can survive the loss of one third of its body fluids.

Question 7

What do starfish feed on?

Answer 7

Mussels, chitons, snails, and barnacles.

Question 8

What does the madreporite on the pisaster do?

Answer 8

It is a small, light coloured spot that allows water to move in/out of the starfish.

Question 9

What are the tube feet on the Pisaster used for?

Answer 9

They are the site of gas exchange and have muscles and nerve fibres that allow the starfish to manipulate its food. They can also be withdrawn and protected by a row of spines it the starfish is threatened. Smaller tube feet are modified as sensory tentacles at the tip of each arm.

Question 10

What is the red spot on the pisaster?

Answer 10

Located on each arm and is sensitive to light.

Question 11

Where is the mouth on the pisaster?

Answer 11

On the ventral side in the centre of the central disc, surrounded by a protective ring of spines.

Question 12

What are branchiae?

Answer 12

Brownish sac-like structures found between the spines of the organisms which function in gas exchange.

Question 13

What are pedicellariae?

Answer 13

Tiny pincers located on flexible stalks which clean and protect the surface of the starfish?

Question 14

What are the two stomachs in the central disc of the pisaster?

Answer 14

Pyloric stomach that lies on top of the cardiac stomach.

Question 15

What is the cardiac stomach used for?

Answer 15

After starfish has used its tube feet to force open the shells of its prey, the cardiac stomach comes out of the body to engulf and digest the soft tissues of the prey

Question 16

What are attached to the pyloric stomach?

Answer 16

Two long digestive glands found in each arm that attach to the pyloric stomach by a small duct.

Question 17

What are the two major functions of the digestive glands in the starfish?

Answer 17

1. To secrete digestive enzymes into the pyloric stomach

2. To serve as a storage site for digested food material

Question 18

What are Ampullae and where are they found on the starfish?

Answer 18

Sacs which are part of the water vascular system and are attached to tube feet.

Question 19

How do Pisasters reproduce?

Answer 19

Starfish have separate sexes and produce gametes found in the gonads of each arm. Gametes are released into the water, where fertilization occurs. Ciliated, bilaterally symmetrical larvae are produced, which subsequently develop into small starfish with pentradial symmetry.

Question 20

Who are some friends of the Pisaster?

Answer 20

Brittle star, sea lily, sea urchin, and sea cucumber.

Question 21

What are the two groups that the phylum chordata are divided into?

Answer 21

Invertebrate chordates: without a backbone

Vertebrate Chordates: with a backbone

Question 22

What are the 6 groups of Vertebrate Chordates?

Answer 22

Chondichthyes (cartilaginous fish), Osteichthyes (bony fish), Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves (birds) and Mammalia

Question 23

What type of symmetry do Chordates have?

Answer 23

Bilateral.

Question 24

Are Chordates segmented?

Answer 24

Yes.

Question 25

What is the body plan of chordates?

Answer 25

Triploblastic coelomate.

Question 26

What are 4 characteristics found in all chordates?

Answer 26

Notochord, hollow dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, and post-anal tail.

Question 27

What is Perca?

Answer 27

A bony, yellow fish that is a predator.

Question 28

What do Perca feed on?

Answer 28

Smaller fish, worms, crustaceans, and insects.

Question 29

What covers the Perca for protection?

Answer 29

Bony scales.

Question 30

What does the mucus secreted by a thin layer of skin of the body of the Perca do?

Answer 30

Protets the skin and eases the passage of the fish in water.

Question 31

What adaptation does the Perca utilize to catch and ingest prey?

Answer 31

A upper and lower jaw.

Question 32

What sense organs does the Perca have?

Answer 32

Eyes, internal ears, two pairs of nostrils, olfactory sac (detects chemical changes in water).

Question 33

What does the lateral line system of the Perca consist of?

Answer 33

Small pores which are connected to internal tubular canals bearing sense organs.

Question 34

How many and what types of fins do Perca have?

Answer 34

2 dorsal, 1 anal, and 1 caudal

Question 35

What is each fin composed of in the PErca?

Answer 35

Bony fin rays.

Question 36

How many paired fins are there?

Answer 36

2 pairs.
The 2 pectoral fins lie on the lateral surface of the body just behind the head.
The 2 pelvic fins are immediately ventral to the pectoral fins.

Question 37

What adaptation is there on the Perca to protect its gills?

Answer 37

A gill cover/ operculum.

Question 38

What does each gill consist of?

Answer 38

A supporting gill arch with a double row of soft gill filaments on the convex surface which increase the surface area for gas exchange and short bony projections called gill rakers on the concave surface.

Question 39

What are gill rakers used for?

Answer 39

Protecting the gills from damage by straining out large particles which may damage them.

Question 40

What is the swim bladder?

Answer 40

Silvery thin-walled sac that develops embryologically as an outpushing from the pharynx. It serves to keep the fish buoyant in water.

Question 41

Describe the digestive system of the Perca after food particles have gone through the stomachs.

Answer 41

The intestine continues to the anus, along which there are yellow masses called fat bodies. The spleen, a flat, gray structure, functions in the production and storage of blood cells.

Question 42

How do Perch reproduce?

Answer 42

Sexually with separate sexes. Male perch produce sperm in two elongated testes and female perch produce egg in a single ovary.

Question 43

Describe the process in which Perch take in oxygen.

Answer 43

The sinus venous collects deoxygenated blood from the body tissues, the blood moves into the atrium and is pumped into the ventricle. From here it is pumped anteriorly into an expanded artery, the bulbus arteriosus, which narrows to form the ventral aorta that takes the deoxygenated blood to the gills for oxygenation.
The dorsal aorta takes oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body

Question 44

What two types of locomotion do perch use?

Answer 44

Axial locomotion and undulatory swimming.

Question 45

List some friends of Perch.

Answer 45

Amphioxus, Minnow, Shark, Newt, Frog, Snake, Turtle, Bird, and Mammals.

Question 46

What did the first vertebrates (amphibians) likely evolve from?

Answer 46

Lobe-finned fish.

Question 47

What type of locomotion did Vertebrates transition from and to when they moved to land.

Answer 47

From axial locomotion to appendicular locomotion.