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Biology 121 > BioLab6 > Flashcards

BioLab6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the subgroups of the Kingdom Animalia?

A

Parazoa and Eumezoa

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2
Q

What are 3 features of Parazoa?

A

Multicellular, differentiated cells, no true tissue

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3
Q

What are 5 features of Eumetazoa?

A

Multicellular, differentiated cells, distinct tissue layers, muscle cells/fibres for locomotion, and something for transportation of electrical impulses between cells

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4
Q

How do animals gain energy?

A

They are heterotrophs and gain energy by ingesting food and then digesting it in an internal cavity.

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5
Q

Do animal cells have cell walls?

A

No.

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6
Q

How do animals reproduce?

A

Sexual reproduction; the fertilized egg develops into embryo which is usually provided with protection and nutrition as it develops.

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7
Q

How do animals store carbohydrates?

A

As glycogen, not starch as seen in plants.

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8
Q

What is the dominant life cycle stage of an animal?

A

Diploid dominant.

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9
Q

What is the nutritional class of animals?

A

Multicellular heterotrophs.

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10
Q

What is gastrulization?

A

A process that occurs in animals where specialized tissues form.

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11
Q

What are two types of cellular junctions that animals have?

A

Tight and gap.

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12
Q

Are animals mostly sessile or motile?

A

Motile.

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13
Q

What is cephalization?

A

Allows for animals to move and assess their direction. Is found in animals with bilateral symmetry.

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14
Q

What phylum that we studied has radial symmetry?

A

Cnidarian.

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15
Q

What phylum that we studied has diploblastic body plans?

A

Cnidarian.

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16
Q

What is the coelem?

A

A fluid-filled body cavity that is completely surrounded by mesoderm. The mesoderm is on the outside and inside of the cavity.

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17
Q

What does it mean for an animal to acoelomate?

A

An animal that lacks a coelom.

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18
Q

What does it mean for an animal to be pseudocoelomate?

A

An animal that does not have a complete coelom.

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19
Q

What does diploblastic mean?

A

Has an endoderm and ectoderm.

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20
Q

What does triploblastic mean?

A

Has an endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm.

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21
Q

Describe Porifera.

A

Most primitive and simplest of animals. Aquatic. Multicellular but no true tissue or organs.

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22
Q

Describe Porifera body symmetry.

A

No obvious symmetry.

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23
Q

What makes up the skeleton of Porifera?

A

Spongin (fibrous protein) and spicules (hard and made of carbonate or silica). Both are relatively indigestible.

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24
Q

What is the beating flagellum on choanocytes used for?

A

To create a flow of water through incurrent pores, into the spongocoel, and out through the osculum.

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25
Q

How do sponges filter feed?

A

Bring food to themselves. Internal cavity called spongocoel which is line with flagellated cells. Beating flagella pulls in water/tiny organisms/organic particles through small pores in body wall. Food particles are trapped on layer of mucilaginous material and transports to cells for digestion. Water and waste leave the spongocoel through the osculum at the top of the sponge.

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26
Q

Where are Grantia found?

A

North Atlantic, in low intertidal regions, that is colonial with several tube-like individuals attached together.

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27
Q

How does Grantia reproduce?

A

Sexual: They are hermaphroditic (have male and female gametes). They release sperm into seawater which swim to eggs within other sponges. Resulting zygotes grows into an embryo while still in parent sponge. Once the flagellated larva develops it emerges into the spongocoel and swims out of the osculum. It then swims around and settles to develops a new colony.
Asexual: fragmentation

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28
Q

Who are Grantia’s friends?

A

Aplysina and spongilla.

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29
Q

Who is Aplysina?

A

A stovepipe sponge who is colonial and lives in deep water.

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30
Q

Who is Spongilla?

A

A small freshwater sponge.

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31
Q

What is the main characteristic of the phylum Cnidaria?

A

They are stinging-celled animals (jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones). Simplest type of animals with tissues and organs.

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32
Q

What is the body plan of Cnidaria like?

A

They are diploblastic acoelomates (epidermis=ectoderm, inner gastrodermis= endoderm, and non-cellular layer =mesoglea). Radially symmetrical

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33
Q

What phylum has tentacles that are covered with cnidoblast cells?

A

Cnidaria

34
Q

What do cnidoblast cells contain?

A

A cellular organelle called nematocyst

35
Q

What are nematocysts?

A

Microscopic, usually poisonous, harpoons used to capture, immobilize, and real in prey. They can also be used for defense against predators.

36
Q

How do Cnidaria capture their prey?

A

Use tentacles to push prey into their mouth/anus located at the base of the tentacles. This is the opening for the gastrovascular cavity (digestive cavity with only one entrance)

37
Q

Do Cnidaria often have muscle fibres?

A

Yes.

38
Q

What is coordination controlled by in Cnidaria?

A

The nerve net.

39
Q

What is the nerve net?

A

A diffuse group of nerve cells spread throughout the body.

40
Q

What is the nerve net used for?

A

Contraction of muscle fibres around the gastrovascular cavity force water and waste out of the mouth/anus.

41
Q

What acts as the hydrostatic skeleton in Cnidaria?

A

The gastrovascular cavity once the opening is closed.

42
Q

What does it mean for the body to have a hydrostatic skeleton?

A

The body is supported by water pressure.

43
Q

Why is it useful for Cnidaria to have a hydrostatic skeleton?

A

It allows the organism to manipulate its tentacles.

44
Q

What are the two life cycle stages that Cnidaria go through?

A

Polyp and medusa.

45
Q

What are Polyps?

A

Usually sessile forms that have a body column, crown of tentacles surronding the mouth/anus, anda are usually attached to a surface by means of a basal disc. They can be solitary or joined together as a colony.

46
Q

What are Medusae?

A

Upside down polyps which are free-swimming and have their tentacles hanging beneath a dome-shaped body.

47
Q

Is reproduction for Cnidaria sexual or asexual?

A

It can be either.

48
Q

Where are Hydra commonly found?

A

Sloughs, streams, and lakes. It is a freshwater cnidarian.

49
Q

What is the body plan for Hydra?

A

Diploblastic acoelomate and radially symmetrical

50
Q

What life stage are hydra in?

A

A solitary polyp body that does not have the medusa life stage.

51
Q

How does the hydra obtain food?

A

The endoderm secretes a digestive enzyme into the gastrovascualr cavity and phagocytoses the smaller food particles to form vacoules. Digestions is done completely intracellularly.

52
Q

What are the parts of the Hydra?

A

Mouth/anus, gastrovascualr cavity, tentacles, basal disc, gastrodermis, mesoglea, nerve net, and epidermis.

53
Q

How does hydra reproduce?

A

Asexual: Budding
Sexual: polyps develop on both ovaries r testes along body to produce gametes which fuse to create an encapsulated embryo and create a new generation of hydra.

54
Q

List some friends of hydra. (4)

A

Obelia, Physalia, Sea anemones, and coral

55
Q

What are Platyhelminthes (phylum) commonly referred to as?

A

Flatworms.

56
Q

What is the symmetry of Platyhelminthes like?

A

Dorso-ventrally flattened and bilaterally symmetrical.

57
Q

What is the body plan of Platyheminthes?

A

Triploblastic acoelomate.

58
Q

What is the gastrovascular cavity of the Platyhelminth like?

A

Highly branched with a mouth/anus at the end of a muscular tube calle a pharynx. Branching allows nutrienst to go to all areas of the body.

59
Q

The nervous system of the Platyhelminthes shows cephalization, what is that?

A

A concentration of nerve tissue and sensory structures in the head region.

60
Q

How do Platyhelminthes reproduce?

A

Usually sexual. They are hermaphrodites.

61
Q

What is Dugesia?

A

A small, free-living flatworm

62
Q

Where are Dugesia found?

A

In freshwater streams and ponds.

63
Q

How does Dugesia get food?

A

They are an active carnivore and scavenger.

64
Q

How does Dugesia move?

A

It glides of a film of mucus secreted from its ventral surface. The movement is produced by the small muscular waves and the action of the cilia which cover its surface.

65
Q

What type of skeleton does the Dugesia have?

A

A hydrostatic skeleton.

66
Q

What allows for the Dugesia to have more direct locomotion?

A

Bilateral symmetry, development of muscles, and cephalization.

67
Q

How does Dugesia reproduce?

A

Sexual: hermaphroditic, cross-fertilization is the norm
Asexual: slitting apart and then regenerating

68
Q

Who are the 3 friends of Dugesia?

A

Taenia (tapeworm), Clonorchia (parasite), and Leucochloridium paradoxum (alter behavior of snails)

69
Q

What is the phylum Nematoda commonly referred to as?

A

Round worms.

70
Q

Are Nematoda parasitic or free-living?

A

Can be either.

71
Q

What is the Nematoda body plan?

A

Triploblastic pseudocoelomate

72
Q

What is the symmetry of the Nematoda?

A

Bilateral

73
Q

What is the gut like on Nematoda?

A

Tubular and separates the mouth and anus.

74
Q

What protects the Nematoda?

A

A cuticle.

75
Q

Do Nematoda have well-developed tissues and organ systems?

A

Yes.

76
Q

What is Trubatrix commonly referred to as?

A

The vinegar eelworm.

77
Q

Where does the Turbatrix live?

A

In acidic enviroments such as rotting fruits and vegetables.

78
Q

How do turbatrix move?

A

Using a whip-like motion. They contract longitudinal muscles on opposite sides of the body, alternatively against the pressure of the fluid within the pseudocoelom to produce a thrashing motion.

79
Q

What forms the hydrostatic skeleton in the Turbatrix?

A

The fluid within the pseudocoloem.

80
Q

Who are friends of the turbatrix?

A

Caenorhabditis elegans, ascaris, and enterobius

Biology 121 (17 decks)

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