Green Algae, Mosses, Club Mosses, and Ferns Flashcards
Are Plantae eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
Eukaryotic
Describe how plantae obtain energy.
They are photosynthetic
What environment do plantae tend to inhabit.
terrestrial environment
What do plantae produce?
Oxygen
What do the choloroplast of plants and green algae have in common?
They contain some of the same pigments (chlorophyll a and b) and they both store sugars in the form of starch within these chloroplasts
Where do you find coleochaete?
In freshwater on the surface of submerged rocks or aquatic plants
What is the coleochaete thought to resemble?
The protist ancestor that its thought to have evolved from.
What the are coleochaete’s 2 growth forms?
A branched filament or flat discoid thallus.
What type of algae does the coleochaete belong to?
Charophycean
What does Charophycean mena?
Cell division by means of a phragmoplast.
What type of reproduction do Coleochaetes have?
Oogamous sexual reproduction (large non-motile egg is fertilized by small and usually motile sperm)
What does Ooogamuous reproduction allow for?
Plants to utilize resources to make a multitude of male gametes (to ensure fertilization). The production of fewer larger eggs which contain increased food supply may ensure zygotic success.
How are plants characterized in the Kingdom Plantae?
by the presence of cell walls composed of cellulose.
What are 3 features that unite the kingdom plantae?
- Alternation of generation life cycle
- Gametangia and sporangia with multicellular walls
- Embryos nourished and protected by a gameotophyte
What are multicellular walls good for?
Prevent desiccation in the embryo and reproductive walls.
What are 2 major lineages of plants?
Vascular and nonvascular
Describe nonvascular plants (commonly called bryophytes)
They lack vascular tissue (the specialized conducting tissue which transports sugars, water, and minerals throughout the plant body). They diverged early in the evolutionary history, and remain small in size and restricted to moist habitats.
Give some examples of nonvascular plants.
Mosses (Bryophyta), liverworts (Hepatophyta), and hornworts (Anthocerophyta)
What are Bryophyta commonly referred to as?
Mosses
What do mosses inhabit?
terrestrial environments
Why do mosses depend on water?
For their sperm to swim to the eggs
What are mossed good for?
Colonizing newly exposed soil, where they contribute to organic soil development and prevent erosion.
Why is peat moss used extensively in horticulture?
It is extremely absorptive and enhances moisture retention in soil.
What is the Kingdom of the Polytrichum?
Bryophyta
What is Polytrichum known as?
One of the largest species of moss with the common name ‘hair cap’ moss.
Describe the reproduction of the Polytrichum.
It has an alternation of generations life cycle.
The haploid generation: gametophyte produces gametes (the dominant generation)
The Diploid generation: sporophyte produces spores
What are gametophytes?
Small, leafy plants that are photosynthetic, green, and long-lived. They produce gametes in the haploid generation.
What are sporophytes?
Inconspicuous, non-photosynthetic at maturity, short-lived, completely dependent on gametophyte for nourishment. its only function is to produce spores
Whta is an immature sporangium cover with in the polytrichum?
A hairy cap called a calyptra. This is shed when the sporangium is mature.
What protects the entrance to the spore-producting region of the sporangium?
Operculum.
How are spores releases through the pores?
When a gust of wind shakes the capsule.
What is an adaptation for seed dispersal of the Polytrichum?
The height of the stalk.
What do the Rhyizoids do for the polytrichum?
Fine hair-like rhizoids grow out and down from the stem to absorb water and anchor the plants (not roots, but similar structure)
What are the sexual structure of the polytrichum and where do they develop when the gametophyte is mature?
Antheridia (male gametangia) and Archegonia (female gametangia). They develop at the top of the leafy gametophyte.
What happens when the flagellate sperm of he polytrichum are mature?
they are released from the antheridium and swim through a film of water to the archegonium to fertilize the egg cell
What type of fertilization does the polytrichum rely on?
external water fertilization
What happens with the diploid zygote that comes from sexual reproduction?
It mitotically divides to form a diploid embryo which remains in the archegonium. The embryo then grows upward to form a diploid sporophyte, which remains permanently attached to and nourished by the gametophyte.
How might polytrichum reproduce asexuallly?
Through fragmentation
What genus is closely related to the Polutrichum?
The Mnium (unisexual and the antheridia and archegonia are on separate gametophytes.)
What are 3 friends of the Polytrichum?
Mnium, Sphagnum, and Marchantia.
What is Sphanum?
Peat moss (preservation of a dead guy)
What is Marchantia?
Liver worts
The gametophytes are flat and broad. Not leafy
Asexual reproduction is by littel discs of gametophytes tissue (gemmae) that are produced in cups on the surface of the gametophyte.
What obstacles must vascualr plants overcome on land?
- prevent desiccation
- absorb water
- transport water and nutrients
- Support themselves against gravity
- Disperse and reproduce on dry land
What was the earliest vascular plant called?
Cooksonia
How do Vascular plants prevent desiccation?
Outermost layer secretes a waxy covering called the cuticle.
What does the cuticle do?
Prevent water loss. Prevents gas exchange necessary for photosynthesis.
Since the cuticle prevents gas exchange that is need for photosynthesis, what structure was developed?
The stomata: minute pores. they develop along hte length of the stem and allow for gas exchange.
How do vascular plants absorb water and inorganic nutrients?
Earlier they used rhizoids on the rhizomes. Now they use roots.
How do Vascular plants transport water and nutrients?
With specialized conducting tissue.
What does Xylem transport?
Water and dissolved minerals
What does Phloem transport?
sugars
What helps vascular plants to support themselves?
cellulose and an additional cell wall made with lignin
What does sporopollenin do?
A resistent polymer
