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Criminology > Power & Crime > Flashcards

Power & Crime Flashcards

1
Q

Who are the Bourgeoisie?

A

Owners of capital

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2
Q

Who are the Proletariat?

A

Workers

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3
Q

What is Lumpenproletariat?

A

Demoralised, unemployed and often criminally parasitic members of the working class

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4
Q

What fostered individual egoism?

A

Natural state disrupted by capitalism

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5
Q

What is crime resulted from?

A

Survival

Alienation

Power

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6
Q

Where is the poverty line?

A

Poverty line is anything below $22,168

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7
Q

What helps identify white collar crime?

A

Differential association

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8
Q

What links Marxism and differential association?

A

Critique of white-collar crimes, both in terms of harms and relatively impunity of powerful offenders

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9
Q

What was the next logical conclusion for strain according to radical criminologists?

A

Something must be done in order to rebalance economic power and opportunity

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10
Q

What is primary deviance?

A

Universal, common across all groups and classes

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11
Q

What is secondary deviance?

A

Resulting from the application of the deviant/criminal label

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12
Q

What were the sources of cultural conflict?

A

Different cultural values or ‘conduct norms’

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13
Q

What did Sellin argue in terms of cultural conflict?

A

What made a group’s values criminal or non-criminal was not harm or immorality, but political power

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14
Q

What is Bernard’s 12 points on conflict & criminalization?

A

One’s “web of life” or the conditions of one’s life affect one’s values and interests.

Complex societies are composed of groups with widely different life conditions.

Therefore, complex societies are composed of groups with disparate and conflicting sets of values and interests.

Because values and interests tend to remain stable over time, groups tend to develop relatively stable behavior patterns that differ in varying degrees from the behavior patterns of other groups.

Because values and interests tend to remain stable over time, groups tend to develop relatively stable behavior patterns that differ in varying degrees from the behavior patterns of other groups.

The enactment of laws is the result of a conflict and compromise process in which different groups attempt to promote their own values and interests.

Individual laws usually represent a combination of the values and interests of many groups, rather than the specific values and interests of any one particular group.

The higher a group’s political and economic position, the less likely it is that the behavior patterns characteristic of the group will violate the law, and vice versa.

The higher the political and economic position of an individual, the more difficult it is for official law enforcement agencies to process him when his behavior violates the law.

As bureaucrats, law enforcement agencies will generally process easier rather than more difficult cases.

Therefore, in general, law enforcement agencies will process individuals from lower rather than higher political and economic groups.

Official crime rates of groups will tend to be inversely proportional to their political and economic position, independent of any other factors that might also influence the distribution of crime rates.

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15
Q

What does Indigenous drinking involve?

A

Inhabitation of public space as opposed to drinking in licensed establishments. Essentially the same behaviour but one is criminalised while the other is normalised

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16
Q

What did Vold argue in terms of functional conflict theory?

A

Conflict between social groups produced crime but was also beneficial

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17
Q

What does functional conflict theory suggest about social groups?

A

Increased solidarity within social groups and stability when oppositional forces are balanced

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18
Q

What is the main critique of conflict theory?

A

Ignores questions of justice, human rights, fairness and social harm, and offers no judgement or prescription as to how to resolve crime problems and social injustice

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19
Q

Who does criminalisation effect?

A

Those groups who lack political and, particularly, economic power

20
Q

What is a key feature of radical criminology?

A

Strong Marxist influence – crime held to be the result of economic inequality and class exploitation

21
Q

What is the impact of street crime?

A

Street crime is sensationalised but largely trivial in terms of impact

22
Q

What does radical criminology focus on?

A

Social harm and for radical social change to adequately address crime and injustice

23
Q

How did Chambliss use vagrancy laws?

A

Chambliss used vagrancy laws in England as a case study of powerful interest groups using the law to their advantage

24
Q

What is the difference between street crimes and crimes of the ruling class?

A

Street crimes subject to intense criminalisation and ‘tough on crime’ policies

Crimes of the ruling classes only rarely result in any sort of criminal prosecution or meaningful sanction

25
Q

What does social stratification necessitate?

A

Greater use of force and sanctions to maintain order. This affects groups disproportionately, sharpening social divisions and stratification

26
Q

What did radical criminologists embrace?

A

The idea of law-breaking as a rational, justified and even praiseworthy response to an unjust system

27
Q

What did radical criminologists call for?

A

A socialist revolution as the only means to establish a just society

28
Q

What did radical criminologists advocate?

A

Violent social change and ignored the reality that victims of crime are themselves

29
Q

What was modernity?

A

Commitment to Enlightenment values

30
Q

What caused the concept of modernity to be shaken?

A

The horrors of WWI and WWII and the disasters of fascism and communism

31
Q

What is the aetiological crisis?

A

In the 1970s, there were widespread increases in living standards, educational opportunities and expansion of the welfare state but crime still increased

32
Q

What posed problems for neo-classicists?

A

Neo-classicists argued that increasing formal social control was the answer to crime problems the this didn’t prove to be the case

33
Q

What were the failures of modern criminology?

A

The two main strands of criminology therefore could not sufficiently account for why crime occurred

Changing political climate also highlighted previously ‘invisible’ offences, particularly crimes against women

Rise of conservative and neo-liberal administrations in the US, UK and later Australia, challenged the welfare state

34
Q

What is Utopianism?

A

Promoting unrealistic political goals

35
Q

What is Romanticism?

A

Glorifying criminals as class heroes

36
Q

What is Naive anti-empiricism?

A

Denial about rising crime statistics

37
Q

What is Naive abolitionism?

A

Clinging to the notion that closing prisons would fix all problems

38
Q

What are the basic principles of left realism?

A

Crime is a serious problem, particularly street crime

Most crimes affect the working class

Causes are complex but rooted in unequal social structures and relationships

Need to base studies on the ‘holy trinity’: theory + empirical observation + practical policy recommendations

39
Q

What did left realists focus on?

A

Crime victim surveys and interviews to discover the extent of crime

40
Q

What did the crime victim surveys validate?

A

The claims that disadvantaged people suffer crime more than any other social group

41
Q

What doesn’t relative deprivation refer to?

A

One’s socio-economic status in isolation but compared to others

42
Q

How are subcultures formed?

A

People suffering from relative deprivation come into contact with one another and develop deviant subcultures

43
Q

What does marginalisation produce?

A

Disenfranchised groups who lack goals as well as the political power to improve their circumstances

44
Q

What is the entrenchment of crime problems and problematic relationship with police?

A

Marginalisation

45
Q

What are the impacts of policies against marginalisation?

A

Community ‘democratic’ policing over military, coercive policing

Tackling ‘us vs them’ mentality

Establishment of target-hardening programs

Democratic community building, employment and urban renewal

De-marginalising punishments

Criminology (12 decks)

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