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Criminology > Illicit Drugs and Crime > Flashcards

Illicit Drugs and Crime Flashcards

1
Q

What is a drug?

A

Any chemical agent that alters the biochemical or physiological processes of tissues or organisms

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2
Q

What are illegal drugs?

A

A drug with no legal usage that is prohibited under all circumstances

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3
Q

What are licit/illicit drugs?

A

May refer to either legal or illegal drugs depending upon usage.

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4
Q

Why do people use illicit drugs?

A

Addiction

Pain management

Deal with anxiety or other mental health issues

Escape personal circumstances

Peer pressure

Body building

Rebel/annoy parents

Assist work/study

Transgression

Imitation of role models

Experimentation

Social bonding

Act ‘grown up’

Psychological exploration

Spiritual purposes

Recreation/fun

Curiosity

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5
Q

What is the normalised statistic of drug use?

A

Between 25-30% of young people aged 20-29

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6
Q

What is the spread of drug use?

A

Spread remarkably evenly across social class, education, and employment, although different drugs were used according to affordability

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7
Q

What are the most popular illicit drugs?

A

Cannabis

Painkillers

Ecstasy

Cocaine

Meth/amphetamine

Tranquilisers/sleeping pills

Hallucinogens

Heroin

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8
Q

What is problematic drug use?

A

Stereotypical drug use; regularly portrayed in media; characterised by excessive, harmful consumption, addiction, and criminal behaviour

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9
Q

What is non-problematic drug use?

A

Functional drug use; recreational and non-dependant; not associated with increased criminality or negative life impact

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10
Q

What was the intent behind the UK study on the misuse of drugs?

A

To create an objective scale for measuring harms associated with illicit drugs

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11
Q

What were the measurements in the UK drugs study?

A

Measured both harms to individual users and harms to others

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12
Q

What are the different harms to drug users?

A

Specific mortality – e.g. fatal overdose

Related mortality – e.g. HIV/AIDS

Specific harms – e.g. liver cirrhosis

Related harms – e.g. non-fatal accidents

Dependence – likelihood of addiction

Specific mental impairment – e.g. psychosis

Related mental impairment – e.g. long-term memory loss

Loss of tangibles – e.g. job, house, etc.

Loss of relationships – e.g. spouse, friendships, etc.

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13
Q

What are the harms to others in terms of drug use?

A

Injury – e.g. car accidents

Crime, including:
Acquisitive – e.g. mugging, burglary
Impaired judgment – e.g. vandalism, assault

Economic costs – e.g. sick days, lost productivity

Impact on family life – e.g. relationships damaged

International damage – e.g. deaths in drug production zones

Environmental damage – e.g. toxic by-products, syringe litter

Decline in community reputation – e.g. stigmatisation of slum areas

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14
Q

What do the findings of the UK drugs study indicate?

A

Some legal drugs, particularly alcohol, are significantly more harmful than most illegal drugs

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15
Q

What was the significant mismatch with drugs?

A

Perceptions of harmfulness and the actual dangers associated with illicit drugs

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16
Q

What would the results of the UK drug study hold?

A

Serious implications for drug policies

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17
Q

Why is psychopharmacological crime relatively rare?

A

Most drug crime is not related to effects of consumption but is particularly associated with alcohol and a limited range of illicit drugs

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18
Q

What type of offences are highly newsworthy?

A

Psychopharmacological offences

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19
Q

Who commits economic compulsive crime?

A

Drug users who are heavily addicted in order to acquire illicit drugs

20
Q

What is the most important type of drug crime?

A

Systemic

21
Q

What does systemic drug crime refer to?

A

Offences related to the production and distribution of illicit drugs

22
Q

What is systemic drug crime related to?

A

Very serious and violent offences

23
Q

What are the outcomes of inefficiency in drug distribution networks?

A

Price increases

Product adulteration

24
Q

What do drug dealers need to establish?

A

Partnerships with organised crime groups for security and distribution

25
Q

What do organised crime groups use violence for?

A

To settle disputes and establish control over trafficking routes and retail territory

26
Q

What does prohibition emphasize?

A

Reducing drug use and crime through law enforcement and tough criminal sanctions

27
Q

What is the intent behind prohibition?

A

To ‘send a message’ about the supposed dangers of illicit drugs

28
Q

How much does Australia spend on prohibition of drugs?

A

Approximately $2 billion AUD every year

29
Q

What is the overall goal of prohibition?

A

Entrenching systemic drug crime

30
Q

Who does prohibition effect the most?

A

Poor and marginalised drug users

31
Q

What is supply reduction?

A

Law enforcement targeting of drug distribution

32
Q

What is demand reduction?

A

Education/ propaganda campaigns, rehabilitation programs, substitution

33
Q

What is harm reduction?

A

Policies aimed at mitigating drug related harms without necessarily reducing consumption

34
Q

What is government funding primarily geared towards?

A

Supply reduction despite high cost and low effectiveness

35
Q

What is the percentage of false positives found with drug sniffer dogs?

A

64-85% of cases

36
Q

Are safe consumption rooms linked to crime?

A

Not linked to increases in crime

37
Q

What does decriminalization remove?

A

Criminal sanctions from drug possession/use

38
Q

What has there been a minor increase in due to decriminalization?

A

Adult drug use

39
Q

What has there been a reduction in with decriminalization?

A

Drug use amongst adolescents and problematic drug users

40
Q

What are the significant benefits of decriminalization?

A

Increased uptake of drug treatment

Reduced overdoses and infectious disease

Savings from reduced incarceration

41
Q

What problems are still present even with decriminalization?

A

Systemic, organised crime

Product adulteration

42
Q

What does drug legalization refer to?

A

Drug control through the regulation of manufacture and distribution

43
Q

Where could the regulation of drugs take place?

A

Through government regulated private industry

44
Q

What type of regulation should be expected with drug legalization?

A

Advocates argue for strict controls similar to tobacco

45
Q

What does legalization of drugs offer?

A

Dual economic benefits in terms of savings and taxation

46
Q

What is the only way to effectively dismantle systemic drug crime?

A

The legalization and regulation of drugs

Criminology (12 decks)

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