Crimes of the Powerful Flashcards

1
Q

What is white collar crime?

A

A crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his [sic] occupation

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2
Q

What are the key characteristics of white collar crime?

A

Identity of the offender and professional nature of the offence

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of white collar crime?

A

Generally takes place in private

‘Offenders’ usually legitimately present at the scene

Tends to involve and abuse of trust inherent in role

Often involves some form of insider knowledge

Often no complainant

Generally no immediate physical threat

Determining responsibility problematic

Tends to have ambiguous legal and criminal status

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4
Q

What are the different types of white collar crime?

A

Employee pilfering and theft

Fraud

Negligence resulting in death or injury

Bribery

Embezzlement

Computer crime

Insider trading

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5
Q

What is crime also confined in?

A

Not confined to infractions of criminal law but also civil law

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6
Q

What does criminal law deal with?

A

Behaviour that is or can be construed as an offence against the safety and stability of society or the state

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7
Q

What is the aim of criminal law?

A

Punishment and detterence

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8
Q

What does civil law deal with?

A

Disputes that result in an injury or loss to an individual or other private party, such as a corporation

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9
Q

What is the aim of civil law?

A

Compensation

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10
Q

What are the causes of white collar crime?

A

Differential association

Competitive personality

Dominant traits

Psychopathy

Techniques of neutralisation

Lack of criminalisation

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11
Q

What is limited liability?

A

Corporations rather than owners are held accountable

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12
Q

Who owns a corporation?

A

Shareholders who appoint a board of directors

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13
Q

What is the legal duty of a corporation?

A

To protect and advance interests of shareholders above all else

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14
Q

Is corporate crime organisational or individual?

A

Organisational

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15
Q

What does corporate crime include?

A

Acts of commission or omission

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16
Q

What are examples of corporate violence?

A

Unsafe work practices/places

Pollution/environmental damage

Unsafe products

17
Q

What are examples of corporate theft?

A

Underpaying workers

Price fixing

18
Q

What are example of externalised crime and their harm?

A

External costs related to greenhouse gases causing climate change

External costs of conventional air pollutants and toxic
substances

External costs of leachate to soil and water

External effects of the impact of facilities on local environment

19
Q

What does the distance between owners, directors, executives and workers result in?

A

Indifference

Lack of transparency and ‘wilful blindness’

Diffusion of responsibility

20
Q

What is a prolific case study of corporate crime?

A

The Volkswagen emissions scandal

21
Q

What are the criminogenic variables?

A

Structure

Culture

Personality/Identity

22
Q

Why do corporations offend?

A

Often cheaper to face prosecution than operate safely

23
Q

What does Corporate Social Responsibility promote?

A

The idea of self-regulation through the triple bottom line

24
Q

How much money was spent in corporate lobbying?

A

$2.6 billion AUSD

25
Q

What is the centre of collective resistance for workers?

A

Trade unions