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Ceutics- packet 1 > powders and granules > Flashcards

powders and granules Flashcards

1
Q

Describes the physical state or form of a single

chemical substance

A

Powder” or “Powdered”

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2
Q

– Mixture of finely divided drugs/chemicals in the dry state intended for internal or external use

– Frequently formulated to exist as fine particulates

A

• Pharmaceutical Preparation

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3
Q

Consist of primary particles, existing
individually or with some loose agglomeration through
adhesive forces

A

Powders

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4
Q

consist of large particles formed by
joining or binding together of primary particles whose
identity can still be visible in the final agglomerate
form

A

Agglomerates

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5
Q

consist of particles formed by the progressive

enlargement of primary particles until their original identity is no longer visible

A

Granules

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6
Q

They are for pharma applications, they consist of spherical particulates produced during a precise forming and mechanical
handling.

A

Pellets

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7
Q

fine powders to be dusted

in skin by means of sifter containers

A

Dusting Powders

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8
Q

Used to prepare solutions to cleanse
the vagina. Some may
contain antibiotics

A

Douche Powders

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9
Q 
Fine powders to be introduced in
body cavities (must pass
thru #100 mesh
A

Insufflations

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10
Q

Dispensed under pressure to deliver targeted and
uniform application at site. Tight particle size range
and usually below 50 microns.

A

Powder Sprays

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11
Q 
Single doses of powdered medicinals
individually wraped in cellophane, metallic foil,
or paper. More accurate dosage from than
bulk powders because the patient is not
involved in measurement of the dose.
– Compounding or commercially available
A

• Divided Powders

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12
Q

course particles are mainly deposited in the ____; greater than 5microns

A

throat

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13
Q

fine particles are mainly deposited in the _____; less than 5 microns

A

lungs

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14
Q

advantages of powders

A
  • chemicals more stale in solid state than liquid (applies to tablets and capsules too)
  • no difficulty swallowing
  • easy to adjust dose
  • drugs could have rapid onset of action
  • feasible to be made into other dosage formulations
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15
Q

disadvantages of powders

A

-misunderstanding of method of use or dose
-bitter taste
-difficulty protecting from decomposition of
-powders containing hygroscopic, deliquescent, and aromatic compounds
-manufacturing expense
-compared to tablets/capsules
– Powders lack convenience of handling
– Powders lack ease of product identification
– Powders lack ease of administration by patient

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16
Q

micromeritics - fundamental properties (5)

A 
– Particle size
– Size distribution
– Shape (morphology)
– Surface Area
– Surface description
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17
Q

Micromeritics

A

Science and technology of small particles

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18
Q

Micromeritics - Derived Properties

A 
– Porosity of powder
– Packing arrangement
– Density
– Flow
– Dissolution rate
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19
Q

Methods to Determine Particle Size

A
  • Sieves
  • Optical Microscopes
  • Electron Microscopes
  • Sedimentation Methods (Stokes Law)
  • Centrifugation Methods
  • Light Scattering Methods
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20
Q
  • Common method
  • Particles passed through series of screens
  • Higher ____ number—finer powder
A

Sieving Method

sieve

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21
Q

Formulations have ____ average particle size, but

____ size distributions

A

same

different

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22
Q

Grinding drug in mortar to reduce its particle size

A

Trituration

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23
Q

Particle size reduction on large scale utilizes ______ and ___

A

• Mills and pulverizers

24
Q

Powder shape can affect what two things?

A

– Surface area of particle

– Behavior when surrounded by other powders (packaging and flow)

25
Q

the fundamental properties of powders are

A

– Particle size/distribution/range
– Shape (morphology)
– Surface Area

26
Q

Derived Properties of Powders are

A
  • Porosity of powder
  • Packing arrangement
  • Density
  • Flow
27
Q

Measure of the void spaces IN a bulk powder

A

Porosity

28
Q

– ____ porosity– little void volume within powder

– ____ porous powder–large void volume

A

low

Highly

29
Q

porosity can influence:

A

– Disintegration and dissolution
– Drug diffusion
– Adsorption

30
Q

Two types of Ideal Packing Arrangement

A

A. Closest or Rhombohedral

B. Most open or Cubic Packing

31
Q

Ideal Packing Arrangement assumes uniform ___, ___ powder

beds

A

sized

spherical

32
Q

Three types of Non-Ideal Packing Arrangements

A
  • Powders neither spherical nor uniform size
  • Powders with large particle size distribution
  • Powders that form aggregates
33
Q

Powders neither spherical nor uniform size have _____ packing

A

intermediate packing

34
Q

In non-ideal packing, Powders with large particle size distribution have ___ particles shift between larger particles
and also have ____ porosity

A

smaller

Lower

35
Q

Powders that form aggregates have ____ and arches in packing, as well as ____ porosity

A

Bridging

Higher

36
Q

Ratio of mass of sample to volume

A

Density

37
Q

Density is Dependent on: (2)

A

– Type and arrangement of atoms in molecule

– Arrangement of molecules in sample (Crystallinity)

38
Q

density can influence:

A

– Flow
– Powder blending
– Tableting/encapsulation

39
Q

Types of Density:

A
  • Bulk Density

* Tap Density

40
Q

– ‘Light’ powder–___ bulk density

– ‘Heavy’ powder–___ bulk density

A

low

high

41
Q

In Tap Density, one must tap volumetric cylinder until volume is ___

A

constant

42
Q

Specific bulk volume

A

Bulkiness or Bulk

43
Q

Bulkiness _____ as particle size decreases

A

increases

44
Q

Flow Properties of Powders are classified as ‘_____’ or ‘____’

A

free flowing

sticky

45
Q

Importance of Flow

A 
– Blending
      • Homogeneity of mixture
– Tableting/encapsulation
      • Content uniformity
      • Weight uniformity
46
Q

Factors Influencing Powder Flow

A 
• Particle Morphology
• Crystallinity
• Bulk and Tap Densities
• Moisture Content
        – Hygroscopicity of powders
        – Storage humidity 
• Particle Density
• Particle Size and Size Distribution
• Surface Area 
• Surface Energy
• Electrostatic Charge
47
Q
  • Spherical particles generally demonstrate _____ flowability
  • Out of round (oblong) shapes with smooth edges are ____ flowable
  • ____ ____ with sharp edges do not flow as readily as spherical or oblong particles
  • irregularly shaped ___ ____ particles such as flakes generally flow without much difficulty. They may cause bridging
  • Irregularly shaped ____ particles show poor flowability and result in bridging
  • ____ solids demonstrate very poor flowability and bridge easily
A 
good
easily
Cubical blocks
two dimensional
interlocking
Fibrous
48
Q

– Large dry particles above ___ microns generally flow with ease
– As the particle size decreases from 250 microns to about ___ microns, flowability reduces
– Below ___ microns, flow becomes a problem with
most substances

A

250
75
75

49
Q

The following are characteristics of ____:

  • Powder-like product
  • Prepared from powders
  • Generally small, irregularly-shaped chunks
  • flow better than powders
A

Granules

50
Q

Methods to Prepare Granules

A
  • Wet Method

* Dry Method

51
Q

This method of preparing granules require ‘binder’,

water, and heat

A

Wet method

52
Q

This method of preparing granules uses high

compressional pressure

A

Dry Method

53
Q

Pharmaceutical Uses of Granules

A

Tableting

Products for reconstitution

54
Q

what are some Advantages of Granules for Reconstitution over Powders

A 
Greater physical and chemical stability
• Decrease caking
• Increased atmospheric stability
  – Smaller surface area so more stable to humidity
• More easily ‘wetted’ by a liquid
55
Q

Granules Marketed as Bulk

A
  • Senokot (Laxative)

* Bromo Seltzer

Ceutics- packet 1 (6 decks)

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