powders and granules

Question 1

Describes the physical state or form of a single

chemical substance

Answer 1

Powder” or “Powdered”

Question 2

– Mixture of finely divided drugs/chemicals in the dry state intended for internal or external use

– Frequently formulated to exist as fine particulates

Answer 2

• Pharmaceutical Preparation

Question 3

Consist of primary particles, existing
individually or with some loose agglomeration through
adhesive forces

Answer 3

Powders

Question 4

consist of large particles formed by
joining or binding together of primary particles whose
identity can still be visible in the final agglomerate
form

Answer 4

Agglomerates

Question 5

consist of particles formed by the progressive

enlargement of primary particles until their original identity is no longer visible

Answer 5

Granules

Question 6

They are for pharma applications, they consist of spherical particulates produced during a precise forming and mechanical
handling.

Answer 6

Pellets

Question 7

fine powders to be dusted

in skin by means of sifter containers

Answer 7

Dusting Powders

Question 8

Used to prepare solutions to cleanse
the vagina. Some may
contain antibiotics

Answer 8

Douche Powders

Question 9

Fine powders to be introduced in
body cavities (must pass
thru #100 mesh

Answer 9

Insufflations

Question 10

Dispensed under pressure to deliver targeted and
uniform application at site. Tight particle size range
and usually below 50 microns.

Answer 10

Powder Sprays

Question 11

Single doses of powdered medicinals
individually wraped in cellophane, metallic foil,
or paper. More accurate dosage from than
bulk powders because the patient is not
involved in measurement of the dose.
– Compounding or commercially available

Answer 11

• Divided Powders

Question 12

course particles are mainly deposited in the ____; greater than 5microns

Answer 12

throat

Question 13

fine particles are mainly deposited in the _____; less than 5 microns

Answer 13

lungs

Question 14

advantages of powders

Answer 14

• chemicals more stale in solid state than liquid (applies to tablets and capsules too)
• no difficulty swallowing
• easy to adjust dose
• drugs could have rapid onset of action
• feasible to be made into other dosage formulations

Question 15

disadvantages of powders

Answer 15

-misunderstanding of method of use or dose
-bitter taste
-difficulty protecting from decomposition of
-powders containing hygroscopic, deliquescent, and aromatic compounds
-manufacturing expense
-compared to tablets/capsules
– Powders lack convenience of handling
– Powders lack ease of product identification
– Powders lack ease of administration by patient

Question 16

micromeritics - fundamental properties (5)

Answer 16

– Particle size
– Size distribution
– Shape (morphology)
– Surface Area
– Surface description

Question 17

Micromeritics

Answer 17

Science and technology of small particles

Question 18

Micromeritics - Derived Properties

Answer 18

– Porosity of powder
– Packing arrangement
– Density
– Flow
– Dissolution rate

Question 19

Methods to Determine Particle Size

Answer 19

• Sieves
• Optical Microscopes
• Electron Microscopes
• Sedimentation Methods (Stokes Law)
• Centrifugation Methods
• Light Scattering Methods

Question 20

• Common method
• Particles passed through series of screens
• Higher ____ number—finer powder

Answer 20

Sieving Method

sieve

Question 21

Formulations have ____ average particle size, but

____ size distributions

Answer 21

same

different

Question 22

Grinding drug in mortar to reduce its particle size

Answer 22

Trituration

Question 23

Particle size reduction on large scale utilizes ______ and ___

Answer 23

• Mills and pulverizers

Question 24

Powder shape can affect what two things?

Answer 24

– Surface area of particle

– Behavior when surrounded by other powders (packaging and flow)

Question 25

the fundamental properties of powders are

Answer 25

– Particle size/distribution/range – Shape (morphology) – Surface Area

Question 26

Derived Properties of Powders are

Answer 26

* Porosity of powder * Packing arrangement * Density * Flow

Question 27

Measure of the void spaces IN a bulk powder

Answer 27

Porosity

Question 28

– ____ porosity-- little void volume within powder | – ____ porous powder--large void volume

Answer 28

low | Highly

Question 29

porosity can influence:

Answer 29

– Disintegration and dissolution – Drug diffusion – Adsorption

Question 30

Two types of Ideal Packing Arrangement

Answer 30

A. Closest or Rhombohedral | B. Most open or Cubic Packing

Question 31

Ideal Packing Arrangement assumes uniform ___, ___ powder | beds

Answer 31

sized | spherical

Question 32

Three types of Non-Ideal Packing Arrangements

Answer 32

* Powders neither spherical nor uniform size * Powders with large particle size distribution * Powders that form aggregates

Question 33

Powders neither spherical nor uniform size have _____ packing

Answer 33

intermediate packing

Question 34

In non-ideal packing, Powders with large particle size distribution have ___ particles shift between larger particles and also have ____ porosity

Answer 34

smaller | Lower

Question 35

Powders that form aggregates have ____ and arches in packing, as well as ____ porosity

Answer 35

Bridging | Higher

Question 36

Ratio of mass of sample to volume

Answer 36

Density

Question 37

Density is Dependent on: (2)

Answer 37

– Type and arrangement of atoms in molecule | – Arrangement of molecules in sample (Crystallinity)

Question 38

density can influence:

Answer 38

– Flow – Powder blending – Tableting/encapsulation

Question 39

Types of Density:

Answer 39

* Bulk Density | * Tap Density

Question 40

– ‘Light’ powder--___ bulk density | – ‘Heavy’ powder--___ bulk density

Answer 40

low | high

Question 41

In Tap Density, one must tap volumetric cylinder until volume is ___

Answer 41

constant

Question 42

Specific bulk volume

Answer 42

Bulkiness or Bulk

Question 43

Bulkiness _____ as particle size decreases

Answer 43

increases

Question 44

Flow Properties of Powders are classified as ‘_____’ or ‘____’

Answer 44

free flowing | sticky

Question 45

Importance of Flow

Answer 45

``` – Blending • Homogeneity of mixture – Tableting/encapsulation • Content uniformity • Weight uniformity ```

Question 46

Factors Influencing Powder Flow

Answer 46

``` • Particle Morphology • Crystallinity • Bulk and Tap Densities • Moisture Content – Hygroscopicity of powders – Storage humidity • Particle Density • Particle Size and Size Distribution • Surface Area • Surface Energy • Electrostatic Charge ```

Question 47

* Spherical particles generally demonstrate _____ flowability * Out of round (oblong) shapes with smooth edges are ____ flowable * ____ ____ with sharp edges do not flow as readily as spherical or oblong particles * irregularly shaped ___ ____ particles such as flakes generally flow without much difficulty. They may cause bridging * Irregularly shaped ____ particles show poor flowability and result in bridging * ____ solids demonstrate very poor flowability and bridge easily

Answer 47

``` good easily Cubical blocks two dimensional interlocking Fibrous ```

Question 48

– Large dry particles above ___ microns generally flow with ease – As the particle size decreases from 250 microns to about ___ microns, flowability reduces – Below ___ microns, flow becomes a problem with most substances

Answer 48

250 75 75

Question 49

The following are characteristics of ____: * Powder-like product * Prepared from powders * Generally small, irregularly-shaped chunks * flow better than powders

Answer 49

Granules

Question 50

Methods to Prepare Granules

Answer 50

* Wet Method | * Dry Method

Question 51

This method of preparing granules require ‘binder’, | water, and heat

Answer 51

Wet method

Question 52

This method of preparing granules uses high | compressional pressure

Answer 52

Dry Method

Question 53

Pharmaceutical Uses of Granules

Answer 53

Tableting | Products for reconstitution

Question 54

what are some Advantages of Granules for Reconstitution over Powders

Answer 54

``` Greater physical and chemical stability • Decrease caking • Increased atmospheric stability – Smaller surface area so more stable to humidity • More easily ‘wetted’ by a liquid ```

Question 55

Granules Marketed as Bulk

Answer 55

* Senokot (Laxative) | * Bromo Seltzer