dosage form and drug delivery Flashcards
the science that deals with the dosage forms design, which includes formulation, manufacturing, stability and effectiveness of pharmaceutical dosage forms”
pharmaceutics
the science that converts a drug into a medicine
pharmaceutics
these substances are seldom administered alone in their original forms, but as part of a formulation in combination with one or more non-medicinal agents that are referred to as additives or excipients.
drug substances
the physical form un which the drug is available for administration
dosage form
it’s a means of administering drugs to the body in a safe, efficient, reproducible and convenient manner
drug delivery system
The ____ _____ or _____ solubilize, suspend, thicken, emulsify, stabilize, preserve, color, flavor, and/or control the release of the medicinal agents that do not interact with drugs, change or alter their pharmacological effects or produce pharmacological effect (inert).
pharmaceutical additives or excipients
the pharmaceutical additives utilized must be ____ with one another and the drug must be used to produce a drug product that is: (5)
compatible safe stable effective easy to administer aceptable to the patient
what are 7 reasons why dosage forms are designed?
- to provide product with SAFE and CONVENIENT DELIVERY FORM and ACCURATE DOSE
- PROTECTION of a drug substance from destructive influences of atmospheric oxygen or humidity
- MASKING bitter taste or oder of a drug substance
- for suspension, to provide liquid preparations for substances that are INSOLUBLE or for PEDIATRICS administration
- to provide LOCALIZED DRUG ACTION
- to BYPASS the destructive GASTRIC environment and 1st pass HEPATIC metabolism
what is the order of dosage forms in the drug delivery system from immediate (simple) release to modified (complex) release
solutions capsules tablets ointments/creams transdermal system inhalation liposomes drug eluting stents
what are two classifications of dosage forms
physical form
route of administration
what are some examples of solid dosage forms?
powders
granules
tablets
capsules
what is an example of molded solid dosage forms?
suppositories
what are some examples of semi solid dosage forms?
ointments
creams
gels
pastes
what are some examples of liquid dosage forms?
parentarels
ophthalmic preparations
biologicals
Dosage forms for _____, include solutions, suspensions, tablets, capsules and oral powders
Oral routes
this route is the most frequently used for drug administration
it is convenient for self-adminstration and effective for most drugs
Oral route
Administered drugs are mainly absorbed into the systemic circulation through the ___
GIT
what are some disadvantages of oral routes of administration?
- slow onset of action
- absorption variability and enzymatic and acidic destruction of certain drugs
- 1st pass metabolism
- unsuitable for unconscious and vomiting patients
These dosage forms include mucoadhesive tablets, films and sprays, rapidly disintegrating tablets and soft gelatin capsules
•Buccal and Sublingual Route
there’s a high blood flow resulting in rapid absorption through the this route.
- Drugs are absorbed into the systemic circulation
- Bypass the destructive gastric environment and the hepatic metabolism
- Convenient for self-administration
- May be used for unconscious patient
sublingual
there’s a slow absorption through this route (sustained effect)
- Drugs are absorbed into the systemic circulation
- Bypass the destructive gastric environment and the hepatic metabolism
- Convenient for self-administration
- May be used for unconscious patient
the buccal
what are some disadvantages of buccal and sublingual routes?
–Unacceptable palatability for bitter drugs
–Dissolution problem for dry mouth conditions
–Possibility of swallowing the dosage form
–Drug load might be limited (only small doses can be administered in comparison to the oral route)
these dosage forms include suppositories, inserts, and enemas
•Rectal and Vaginal Route
these dosage forms contain the following characteristics:
–Rapid absorption
–Can be administered for local or systemic effects (for ____)
–Useful when orally administered drug is unstable or deactivated in the GIT, or for unconscious or vomiting patients
–Convenient for pediatric patients
–Drugs are absorbed into the systemic circulation
–Bypass the destructive gastric environment and the hepatic metabolism
Rectal and Vaginal Route
rectal
What are dome disadvantages of rectal and vagina routes?
–it is inconvenient
–Drug absorption can be variable
–May require to be stored at 5 ºC
These dosage forms include ointments, creams, gels, dusting powders, lotions, and transdermal patches.
–Applied for local effect and can be used for systemic effect as well
–Absorbed slowly into the systemic circulation (sustained release effect)
–Bypass the destructive gastric environment and the hepatic metabolism
Topical and Transdermal Route
What are some disadvantages of topical and transdermal route?
–Can be inconvenient for some of the formulations (sticky)
–Drug absorption can be variable
–Can cause irritation to the skin
These dosage forms include intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous ….. etc ampoules or vials
•Parenteral Route
This dosage form contains the following characteristics:
–Used for local and systemic effects (very effective)
–FAST onset of action (for IV and IM injections)
–Drugs enter directly or get absorbed into the systemic circulation
–Useful when orally administered drug is deactivated by the GIT, or for unconscious or vomiting patients
–Useful for emergency conditions
–Bypass the destructive gastric environment and the hepatic metabolism
–Large volume can be administered via IV injections
•Parenteral Route
What are some disadvantages of parenteral route?
–It is not patient-friendly
–Cost associated with the administration
–Side effects due to injection e.g. infection and embolism
These dosage forms include powder aerosols, and metered aerosols
–Can be administered for LOCAL OR SYSTEMIC EFFECTS
–Useful when orally administered drug is unstable or DEACTIVATED BY GIT
–Useful for EMERGENCY conditions (rapid onset of action)
–Drug is absorbed INTO THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
–BYPASS the destructive GASTRIC environment and the HEPATIC metabolism
•Pulmonary Route
what are some disadvantages of using pulmonary route?
–May need training
–LOW DRUG LOAD; only low doses can be administered (useful for potent drugs only)
This dosage form contains the following characteristics:
–Dosage forms include sprays and drops
–Can be administered for LOCAL OR SYSTEMIC EFFECTS
–Fast absorption and fast onset of action
–Useful when orally administered drug is DEACTIVATED BY GIT
–Drug is absorbed into the SYSTEMIC circulation
–BYPASS the destructive GASTRIC environment and the HEPATIC metabolism
•Nasal Route
Some disadvantages of nasal route
–Low drug load; only low doses can be administered (useful for potent drugs only)
–Local irritation
This dosage form contains the following characteristics:
–Dosage forms include drops, ointments, hydrogels, inserts, injections, implants
–Administered for LOCAL EFFECTS
–Drug is absorbed INTO THE LOCAL TISSUE
•Ocular Route
some disadvantages of ocular route:
–WASH OUT OF MOST OF THE DRUG by nasolacrimal drainage and tears
–ONLY SMALL DOSES can be applied
–POOR ABSORPTION, specially to the posterior part of the eye
This dosage form includes the following:
–Dosage forms are mainly drops
–Administered for LOCAL EFFECTS
–Drug is absorbed INTO THE LOCAL TISSUE
•Otic Route
disadvantages of otic routes
–LOW DOSES can be applied
–POOR ABSORPTION
no single route of adminstration or dosage form is ideal for all ____ or all ____
drugs
diseases
