dosage form and drug delivery

Question 1

the science that deals with the dosage forms design, which includes formulation, manufacturing, stability and effectiveness of pharmaceutical dosage forms”

Answer 1

pharmaceutics

Question 2

the science that converts a drug into a medicine

Answer 2

pharmaceutics

Question 3

these substances are seldom administered alone in their original forms, but as part of a formulation in combination with one or more non-medicinal agents that are referred to as additives or excipients.

Answer 3

drug substances

Question 4

the physical form un which the drug is available for administration

Answer 4

dosage form

Question 5

it’s a means of administering drugs to the body in a safe, efficient, reproducible and convenient manner

Answer 5

drug delivery system

Question 6

The ____ _____ or _____ solubilize, suspend, thicken, emulsify, stabilize, preserve, color, flavor, and/or control the release of the medicinal agents that do not interact with drugs, change or alter their pharmacological effects or produce pharmacological effect (inert).

Answer 6

pharmaceutical additives or excipients

Question 7

the pharmaceutical additives utilized must be ____ with one another and the drug must be used to produce a drug product that is: (5)

Answer 7

compatible
safe
stable
effective
easy to administer
aceptable to the patient

Question 8

what are 7 reasons why dosage forms are designed?

Answer 8

1. to provide product with SAFE and CONVENIENT DELIVERY FORM and ACCURATE DOSE
2. PROTECTION of a drug substance from destructive influences of atmospheric oxygen or humidity
3. MASKING bitter taste or oder of a drug substance
4. for suspension, to provide liquid preparations for substances that are INSOLUBLE or for PEDIATRICS administration
5. to provide LOCALIZED DRUG ACTION
6. to BYPASS the destructive GASTRIC environment and 1st pass HEPATIC metabolism

Question 9

what is the order of dosage forms in the drug delivery system from immediate (simple) release to modified (complex) release

Answer 9

solutions
capsules
tablets
ointments/creams
transdermal system
inhalation
liposomes
drug eluting stents

Question 10

what are two classifications of dosage forms

Answer 10

physical form

route of administration

Question 11

what are some examples of solid dosage forms?

Answer 11

powders
granules
tablets
capsules

Question 12

what is an example of molded solid dosage forms?

Answer 12

suppositories

Question 13

what are some examples of semi solid dosage forms?

Answer 13

ointments
creams
gels
pastes

Question 14

what are some examples of liquid dosage forms?

Answer 14

parentarels
ophthalmic preparations
biologicals

Question 15

Dosage forms for _____, include solutions, suspensions, tablets, capsules and oral powders

Answer 15

Oral routes

Question 16

this route is the most frequently used for drug administration
it is convenient for self-adminstration and effective for most drugs

Answer 16

Oral route

Question 17

Administered drugs are mainly absorbed into the systemic circulation through the ___

Answer 17

GIT

Question 18

what are some disadvantages of oral routes of administration?

Answer 18

• slow onset of action
• absorption variability and enzymatic and acidic destruction of certain drugs
• 1st pass metabolism
• unsuitable for unconscious and vomiting patients

Question 19

These dosage forms include mucoadhesive tablets, films and sprays, rapidly disintegrating tablets and soft gelatin capsules

Answer 19

•Buccal and Sublingual Route

Question 20

there’s a high blood flow resulting in rapid absorption through the this route.

• Drugs are absorbed into the systemic circulation
• Bypass the destructive gastric environment and the hepatic metabolism
• Convenient for self-administration
• May be used for unconscious patient

Answer 20

sublingual

Question 21

there’s a slow absorption through this route (sustained effect)

• Drugs are absorbed into the systemic circulation
• Bypass the destructive gastric environment and the hepatic metabolism
• Convenient for self-administration
• May be used for unconscious patient

Answer 21

the buccal

Question 22

what are some disadvantages of buccal and sublingual routes?

Answer 22

–Unacceptable palatability for bitter drugs
–Dissolution problem for dry mouth conditions
–Possibility of swallowing the dosage form
–Drug load might be limited (only small doses can be administered in comparison to the oral route)

Question 23

these dosage forms include suppositories, inserts, and enemas

Answer 23

•Rectal and Vaginal Route

Question 24

these dosage forms contain the following characteristics:

–Rapid absorption
–Can be administered for local or systemic effects (for ____)
–Useful when orally administered drug is unstable or deactivated in the GIT, or for unconscious or vomiting patients
–Convenient for pediatric patients
–Drugs are absorbed into the systemic circulation
–Bypass the destructive gastric environment and the hepatic metabolism

Answer 24

Rectal and Vaginal Route

rectal

Question 25

What are dome disadvantages of rectal and vagina routes?

Answer 25

–it is inconvenient
–Drug absorption can be variable
–May require to be stored at 5 ºC

Question 26

These dosage forms include ointments, creams, gels, dusting powders, lotions, and transdermal patches.
–Applied for local effect and can be used for systemic effect as well
–Absorbed slowly into the systemic circulation (sustained release effect)
–Bypass the destructive gastric environment and the hepatic metabolism

Answer 26

Topical and Transdermal Route

Question 27

What are some disadvantages of topical and transdermal route?

Answer 27

–Can be inconvenient for some of the formulations (sticky)
–Drug absorption can be variable
–Can cause irritation to the skin

Question 28

These dosage forms include intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous ….. etc ampoules or vials

Answer 28

•Parenteral Route

Question 29

This dosage form contains the following characteristics:
–Used for local and systemic effects (very effective)
–FAST onset of action (for IV and IM injections)
–Drugs enter directly or get absorbed into the systemic circulation
–Useful when orally administered drug is deactivated by the GIT, or for unconscious or vomiting patients
–Useful for emergency conditions
–Bypass the destructive gastric environment and the hepatic metabolism
–Large volume can be administered via IV injections

Answer 29

•Parenteral Route

Question 30

What are some disadvantages of parenteral route?

Answer 30

–It is not patient-friendly
–Cost associated with the administration
–Side effects due to injection e.g. infection and embolism

Question 31

These dosage forms include powder aerosols, and metered aerosols
–Can be administered for LOCAL OR SYSTEMIC EFFECTS
–Useful when orally administered drug is unstable or DEACTIVATED BY GIT
–Useful for EMERGENCY conditions (rapid onset of action)
–Drug is absorbed INTO THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
–BYPASS the destructive GASTRIC environment and the HEPATIC metabolism

Answer 31

•Pulmonary Route

Question 32

what are some disadvantages of using pulmonary route?

Answer 32

–May need training

–LOW DRUG LOAD; only low doses can be administered (useful for potent drugs only)

Question 33

This dosage form contains the following characteristics:
–Dosage forms include sprays and drops
–Can be administered for LOCAL OR SYSTEMIC EFFECTS
–Fast absorption and fast onset of action
–Useful when orally administered drug is DEACTIVATED BY GIT
–Drug is absorbed into the SYSTEMIC circulation
–BYPASS the destructive GASTRIC environment and the HEPATIC metabolism

Answer 33

•Nasal Route

Question 34

Some disadvantages of nasal route

Answer 34

–Low drug load; only low doses can be administered (useful for potent drugs only)
–Local irritation

Question 35

This dosage form contains the following characteristics:
–Dosage forms include drops, ointments, hydrogels, inserts, injections, implants
–Administered for LOCAL EFFECTS
–Drug is absorbed INTO THE LOCAL TISSUE

Answer 35

•Ocular Route

Question 36

some disadvantages of ocular route:

Answer 36

–WASH OUT OF MOST OF THE DRUG by nasolacrimal drainage and tears
–ONLY SMALL DOSES can be applied
–POOR ABSORPTION, specially to the posterior part of the eye

Question 37

This dosage form includes the following:
–Dosage forms are mainly drops
–Administered for LOCAL EFFECTS
–Drug is absorbed INTO THE LOCAL TISSUE

Answer 37

•Otic Route

Question 38

disadvantages of otic routes

Answer 38

–LOW DOSES can be applied

–POOR ABSORPTION

Question 39

no single route of adminstration or dosage form is ideal for all ____ or all ____

Answer 39

drugs

diseases