liquids Flashcards
several reasons why liquids are used internally instead of other dosage forms (5)
Easier to swallow Only suitable dosage form Irritation Flexibility Immediate drug availability
Classification of liquids (2)
by types of system
by routes of administration
types of classification by system and example
Homogeneous – examples are solutions
Heterogeneous – examples are emulsions and suspensions
examples of classification by route of administration
oral solution
parenteral solution
opthalmic solution or suspensions
Topical solution or suspensions
Liquid preparation that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents.
pharmaceutical
pharmaceuticals are classified by ____ or ___. Examples are:
composition or use
syrup, elixir, spirits, aromatic waters, tinctures or fluid extracts
Aqueous solutions containing sugar
syrup
Sweetened hydroalcoholic (combinations of water and ethanol) solutions
Elixir
Alcoholic solutions of aromatic materials
Spirits
Aqueous solutions of aromatic materials
Aromatic waters
Solutions of prepared by extracting active constituents from crude drugs
Tinctures or Fluid extracts
pharmaceutical solutions can be aqueous or non-aqueous and do not necessary need to be in the ____ state
liquid
What are some Disadvantages of Solutions
- Relative chemical stability (vs. solids)
- Medium for microbial growth
- Bulky
- More pronounced distaste
- Potential dosing errors
the substance being dissolved
Solute
medium or vehicle in which solute is dispersed or dissolved
Solvent
important issue to address when considering ease of production is
dissolution
important issue to address when considering dosage uniformity is
there isn’t any important consideration
important issue to address when considering stability is
chemical pH, temperature, antioxidants
microbial preservation
important issue to address when considering patient acceptance is
palatability, appearance
important issue to address when considering drug release is
there isn’t any important consideration
process of dissolution (drug being dissolved in solvent) requires 3 main steps
Work is required to separate particles of solute in the crystal
Work is required to separate molecules of solvent
Energy is necessary with interaction
The Dissolution process involves:
Dipole-dipole interactions
Hydrogen bonding
Polarity
Three of polarity are:
Polar (water)
Semi-polar- (ketones, alcohol)
Non-polar (carbon tetrachloride, benzene, mineral oil)
Weak interactions, loose association orientation of positive and negative poles
Dipole-dipole interactions