Poultry Top Topics - Top 20 Poultry Diseases Part 1

Question 1

what is the other name for newcastle disease?

Answer 1

avian pneumoencephalitis

Question 2

what is the classic case presentation of newcastle disease?

Answer 2

acute onset of severe respiratory and/or neurologic and/or gi signs

Question 3

what respiratory signs are seen in newcastle disease?

Answer 3

gasping, sneezing, coughing, facial edema causing square head, & reddened lower eyelid over the lymphoid patch

Question 4

what neuro signs are seen in newcastle disease?

Answer 4

paralysis, tremors, droopy wings, torticollis, circling, but bright & alert despite severe neuro deficits

Question 5

what gi signs are seen in newcastle disease?

Answer 5

watery green diarrhea

Question 6

what other clinical signs apart from respiratory, neuro, & gi may be seen in chickens with newcastle disease?

Answer 6

sometimes sudden death

decreased egg production with thin shells & watery albumin

Question 7

what is the etiology of newcastle disease?

Answer 7

RNA avian paramyxovirus-1

Question 8

what is the gold standard test for dead & alive birds with newcastle disease?

Answer 8

dead birds - virus isolation on lung, kidneys, or gi tract

live birds - virus isolation from nasopharyngeal & tracheal exudate swabs

Question 9

what lesions seen on necropsy are almost pathognomonic for newcastle disease?

Answer 9

multifocal necrosis, hemorrhagic intestinal mucosa especially at lymphoid foci (cecal tonsils)

Question 10

how is ICPI used in chickens?

Answer 10

for newcastle disease - day old chicks are inoculated to determine virulence of newcastle

Question 11

how will a newcastle disease positive chicken test on hemagglutination?

Answer 11

positive

Question 12

how is RT-PCR used on newcastle chickens?

Answer 12

done for pathotyping & genotyping

Question 13

how is newcastle disease treated?

Answer 13

no treatment - have to cull all birds on the premises

Question 14

how is newcastle disease prevented?

Answer 14

good management practices as the disease spreads quickly through facilities through aerosol exposure

indoor operations are better - outdoor flocks are at a higher risk

vaccines in countries where virulent virus disease outbreaks occur

Question 15

T/F: outdoor flocks are at a larger risk of getting newcastle than indoor flocks

Answer 15

true

Question 16

how are the different types of avian paramyxovirus labeled based on ICPI?

Answer 16

how fast they kill embryos post-inoculation

lentogenic - slow, used in vaccines & not reportable

mesogenic - medium

velogenic - fast & divided into 2 categories: viscerotropic (gi) velogenic newcastle disease & neurotropic (brain) velogenic newcastle disease

Question 17

how do different strains of APV1/PMV-1 vary?

Answer 17

differences in surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin-neurominidase (HN), & fusion (F)

Question 18

what strains of newcastle disease are reportable in the united states?

Answer 18

mesogenic & velogenic strains

Question 19

what is the zoonotic risk of newcastle disease?

Answer 19

causes transitory conjunctivitis in humans

Question 20

what is the classic case presentation of marek’s disease?

Answer 20

clinical signs based on which organs/tissues t-lymphocytes infiltrate

sciatic nerve paralysis - one foot forward & one back

gray eye - lymphocytic infiltration of iris

affects young chickens 2-5 months old - decreased growth rate, egg production, & enlarged feather follicles which are a cause of condemnation

Question 21

what is the etiology of marek’s disease?

Answer 21

oncogenic lymphotrophic alphaherpesvirus genus mardivirus

Question 22

how is marek’s disease diagnosed?

Answer 22

virus isolation, PCR (for viral dna in lymphoid tumors), AGID

histopath & IHC

Question 23

what found on necropsy helps to distinguish marek’s disease from lymphoid leukosis?

Answer 23

the bursa is rarely affected & is usually atrophic in marek’s

Question 24

where are lymphoid tumors from marek’s disease found in the body? what else is seen at necropsy?

Answer 24

liver, spleen, gonads, heart, lungs, kidney, muscles, & proventriculus

enlarged peripheral nerves - especially sciatic nerve

Question 25

how is marek's disease treated?

Answer 25

none - supportive care in pet poultry

Question 26

what prophylactic treatment is done to prevent marek's disease?

Answer 26

vaccinate in ovo or day old chicks to decrease shedding

Question 27

the virus that causes marek's disease causes what in chickens?

Answer 27

lymphoproliferative disease/neoplasia

Question 28

how is marek's disease transmitted?

Answer 28

no vertical transmission!!!! horizontal transmission mainly via inhalation of aerosolized chicken dander that can travel on wind between flocks

Question 29

what serves as the main reservoir of marek's disease?

Answer 29

silent recovered lifelong carriers

Question 30

T/F: the virus that causes marek's disease is practically ubiquitous, so all flocks are assumed to be infected

Answer 30

true

Question 31

you see enlarged sciatic nerves on necropsy of a chicken, so what disease are you thinking?

Answer 31

marek's disease

Question 32

what clinical signs are seen with low pathogenicity avian influenza?

Answer 32

mild to moderate respiratory signs, poor weight gain, & egg drop

Question 33

what clinical signs are seen with high pathogenicity avian influenza?

Answer 33

fowl plague - peracute death, prostration, cyanosis of head/appendages/petechiation in viscera, oral/nasal bloody discharge, diarrhea, neuro signs, hemorrhages of the limbs, & disease that spreads rapidly

Question 34

what is the etiology of avian influenza/fowl plague?

Answer 34

orthomyxovirus, influenza type a

Question 35

how is avian influenza typed?

Answer 35

virus isolation in eggs from clinical samples with RT-PCR hemagglutination positive hemagglutinin & neuraminidase typing & subtyping also done by inhibition tests using antisera

Question 36

what subtypes of high pathogenicity avian influenza are most often implicated in disease?

Answer 36

H5 & H7 HPAI

Question 37

how is avian influenza prevented?

Answer 37

autologous vaccine that requires state veterinarian approval & strict biosecurity

Question 38

how is HPAI treated? how is LPAI treated?

Answer 38

HPAI - no treatment, depopulate LPAI - supportive care & abx

Question 39

what type of avian influenza is reportable?

Answer 39

HPAI - H5N1 & H7N& can be fatal to humans

Question 40

how are waterfowl/seabirds implicated in spreading avian influenza?

Answer 40

disease often carried long distances by subclinically infected waterfowl or sea birds

Question 41

what is a major concern with containment of avian influenza?

Answer 41

gene re-assortment occurs in developing countries or in markets where humans, fowl, & swine intermix creating new genotypes

Question 42

if you have a sick chicken that presents clinically like this, what disease are you thinking about?

Answer 42

HPAI

Question 43

T/F: HPAI is reportable & zoonotic

Answer 43

true

Question 44

what can happen in a bird that recovers from infectious laryngotracheitis?

Answer 44

latent infection - can recrudesce when birds are stressed

Question 45

what is the classic case presentation of a bird with infectious laryngotracheitis?

Answer 45

acute outbreak of gasping, coughing, conjunctivitis, dyspnea, blood stained beaks in chickens under 4 weeks old, decreased egg production variable mortality but often high

Question 46

what clinical signs are seen in cases of chronic infectious laryngotracheitis?

Answer 46

poor weight gain in broilers

Question 47

what is the etiology of infectious laryngotracheitis?

Answer 47

gallid herpesvirus 1

Question 48

what is seen on necropsy/histopath of birds with infectious laryngotracheitis?

Answer 48

necropsy - blood, mucus, caseous exudate, or hollow cast in trachea histopath - inclusion bodies

Question 49

how are flocks screened for infectious laryngotracheitis?

Answer 49

ELISA or virus neutralization serological tests

Question 50

how are clinical cases of infectious laryngotracheitis diagnosed?

Answer 50

virus isolation or PCR

Question 51

how is infectious laryngotracheitis treated?

Answer 51

no treatment - immediately vaccinate adults during an outbreak

Question 52

how is infectious laryngotracheitis prevented?

Answer 52

biosecurity & vaccination

Question 53

why not vaccinate chickens with attenuated vaccines for infectious laryngotracheitis?

Answer 53

regularly has resulted in disease through serial virus passage in vaccinates

Question 54

T/F: birds that recover from infectious laryngotracheitis are lifelong carriers

Answer 54

true

Question 55

how is infectious laryngotracheitis transmitted?

Answer 55

seen worldwide - transmitted horizontally through aerosol & fomites

Question 56

T/F: infectious laryngotracheitis is a reportable disease in fowl

Answer 56

true

Question 57

what is the classic case presentation of infectious bronchitis seen in the youngest birds?

Answer 57

acute onset upper respiratory signs (sneezing, conjunctivitis, swelling) & lower respiratory signs (dyspnea, rales, coughing)

Question 58

what is the classic case presentation of infectious bronchitis seen in the breeders & laying birds?

Answer 58

sharp decrease in egg production & misshapen or wrinkled egg shells

Question 59

what is the morbidity & mortality like for infectious bronchitis of birds?

Answer 59

variable mortality but almost 100% morbidity

Question 60

what is the etiology of infectious bronchitis?

Answer 60

RNA coronavirus

Question 61

what is seen on necropsy of birds with infectious bronchitis?

Answer 61

white urates in renal tubules

Question 62

what hemagglutination result would a bird with infectious bronchitis have?

Answer 62

NEGATIVE

Question 63

how is infectious bronchitis diagnosed?

Answer 63

virus isolation in chick embryo & paired serology

Question 64

how is infectious bronchitis treated?

Answer 64

none - supportive care, abx for secondary infections

Question 65

how is infectious bronchitis prevented?

Answer 65

vaccines & strict biosecurity

Question 66

T/F: infectious bronchitis in birds is a common contagious disease with worldwide distribution that may be reportable in some states

Answer 66

true

Question 67

T/F: some strains of infectious bronchitis cause reproductive issues & some are nephrogenic

Answer 67

true