Equine Top 20 Diseases - Part 3

Question 1

what cinical signs are associated with cyathostomes?

Answer 1

diarrhea, wight loss, & colic

Question 2

what clinical signs are associated with large strongyles & tapeworms?

Answer 2

colic

Question 3

what clinical signs are associated with roundworms?

Answer 3

weight loss, colic, & in foals, pneumonia

Question 4

how are gi parasites diagnosed in horses?

Answer 4

fecal egg counts

Question 5

how are encysted cyathostomes treated?

Answer 5

fenbendazole 2x the dose for 5 days or moxidectin

Question 6

how are large strongyles treated?

Answer 6

adults are susceptoble to most anthelmintics, larvae are susceptible to macrocyclic lactones

Question 7

how are tapeworms treated in horses?

Answer 7

praziquantel or 2x pyrantel

Question 8

how are roundworms treated in horses?

Answer 8

most anthelmintics work

Question 9

what is the biggest parasite of concern in horses? when do they emerge? what damage do they cause?

Answer 9

cyathostomes - emerge in favorable climate conditions which are wet & not too hot or cold, cause damage to the large intestinal walls & cause colitis

Question 10

what is the pathology caused by large strongyles?

Answer 10

larvae migrate through the cranial mesenteric artery causing arteritis & loss of blood supply to the large intestines which can cause a non-strangulating infarctive colic

Question 11

what is the pathology caused by tapeworms?

Answer 11

attach at the ileocecal junction that can cause damage, perforation, & motility dysfunction

Question 12

what is the pathology caused by roundworms?

Answer 12

large adult worm burden in small intestines that can lead to impaction - can see clinical signs after deworming

Question 13

what treatment is used for all intestinal parasites that helps with preventing infection?

Answer 13

manure removal & pasture rotation

Question 14

what are the 3 most common skin tumors seen in horses?

Answer 14

sarcoids, SCC, & melanoma

Question 15

what is the classic case presentation of a horse with melanoma?

Answer 15

gray horse over 10 years old with black nodules under the tail, at the perineum, lips, prepuce, eyelids, parotid salivary glands, & guttural pouches

Question 16

what are the different types of sarcoids?

Answer 16

nodular - raised spherical lumps, occult - hairless areas with thinned skin, verrucous - warty & scaly, fibroelastic - hemorrhagic & ulcerated, malevolent/malignant, & mixed which is the most common

Question 17

what do SCC look like?

Answer 17

thickened, reddened, ulcerated areas on non-pigmented skin of the face, eyes, penis, & perineal area

Question 18

how are sarcoids diagnosed?

Answer 18

excisional biopsy - incomplete surgical removal can trigger more aggressive behavior of the lesion

Question 19

how are SCC diagnosed?

Answer 19

excisional biopsy

Question 20

how are melanomas diagnosed?

Answer 20

clinical appearance or FNA

Question 21

how are equine skin tumors treated?

Answer 21

all - surgical excision, cryotherapy, local chemo with cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, sarcoids - immunotherapy, SCC - radiation therapy, & melanomas - cimetidine

Question 22

what virus are sarcoids associated with? how are they spread?

Answer 22

bovine papillomavirus - spread by flies, guarded prognosis due to recurrence

Question 23

what causes SCC?

Answer 23

chronic irritation or UV exposure

Question 24

T/F: malignant melanomas are more common in non-gray horses

Answer 24

TRUE

Question 25

what type of sarcoid is most commonly seen in horses?

Answer 25

mixed type

Question 26

what are the 4 main etiologies of equine viral encephalitis?

Answer 26

EEE, WEE, VEE, WNV

Question 27

what clinical signs are seen in horses with west nile virus specifically?

Answer 27

fever, fasciculations of face & neck, hyperesthesia, & colic + altered mentation, cranial nerve signs, ataxia, paresis/paralysis

Question 28

what is the classic case presentation of equine viral encephalitis?

Answer 28

altered mentation, cranial nerve signs, ataxia, paresis/paralysis

Question 29

how is equine viral encephalitis diagnosed? what about west nile virus?

Answer 29

CSF analysis & IgM capture ELISA for WNV

Question 30

how are equine viral encephalitis diseases treated?

Answer 30

supportive care

Question 31

how are equine viral encephalitis diseases prevented?

Answer 31

vaccination & minimizing mosquitos

Question 32

what disease is always on the list for a horse with neurologic disease?

Answer 32

rabies

Question 33

T/F: in a horse with any kind of viral encephalitis, recumbency indicates poor prognosis

Answer 33

TRUE

Question 34

what is the most common kind of infection for equine infectious anemia?

Answer 34

carrier state - inapparent!!!!

Question 35

what is the common case presentation of acute equine infectious anemia?

Answer 35

fever, lethargy, thrombocytopenia

Question 36

what is the common case presentation of chronic equine infectious anemia?

Answer 36

recurrent fever with anemia, weight loss, ventral edema, & petechiae

Question 37

what is the etiology of equine infectious anemia?

Answer 37

lentivirus

Question 38

how is equine infectious anemia diagnosed?

Answer 38

coggins test (AGID gold standard that takes 24 hours) must be done at USDA approved lab & submitted by licensed vet

Question 39

what treatment options are available for equine infectious anemia?

Answer 39

euthanasia or lifelong quarantine at least 200 yards away from other horses

Question 40

T/F: in the USA, all horses moved interstate or sold within a state must have been tested negative for EIA at least within the last 12 months

Answer 40

TRUE

Question 41

T/F: lentivirus cause a lifelong infection

Answer 41

TRUE

Question 42

what are the 4 most common causes & presentations of severe lameness in horses?

Answer 42

foot abscess - increased digital pulse, sensitive to hoof testers, septic joint/synovial structure - effusion of joint or tendon sheath, cellulitis/lymphangitis - entire limb is swollen/hot +/- fever, & fracture/suspensory apparatus breakdown - more focally swollen limb, no fever

Question 43

what AAEP lameness score is assigned for lame at a walk or non-weight bearing?

Answer 43

4 & 5

Question 44

how are foot abscesses diagnosed?

Answer 44

hoof tester positive, maybe can locate abscess pocket with hoof knife

Question 45

how are septic synovial structures diagnosed?

Answer 45

synovial fluid has increased protein, neutrophils, & lactate

Question 46

how is cellulitis/lymphangitis diagnosed?

Answer 46

ultrasound - diagnosis of exclusion

Question 47

how are fractures/breakdown injuries diagnosed?

Answer 47

radiographs & ultrasound for soft tissue injury

Question 48

what treatment is used for foot abscesses?

Answer 48

paring, poultice, +/- NSAIDS

Question 49

what treatment is used for septic synovial structure?

Answer 49

lavage, systemic & intra-articular antimicrobials, & NSAIDS

Question 50

what treatment is indicated for cellulitis/lymphangitis?

Answer 50

anti-microbials, anti-inflammatories, bandaging, & cryotherapy

Question 51

what treatment is indicated for fractures/breakdown injuries in horses?

Answer 51

emergency stabilization with splint/bandage & surgical repair for fracture

Question 52

what is the prognosis for a horse with a foot abscess?

Answer 52

good

Question 53

what is the prognosis for a horse with septic synovial structure?

Answer 53

depends on the structure affected & how quickly/aggressively treated

Question 54

what is the prognosis for a horse with cellulitis/lymphangitis?

Answer 54

depends on whether it is acute or chronic, & how quickly/aggressively treated

Question 55

what is the prognosis for a horse with fractures/breakdown injuries?

Answer 55

depends on location of injury, whether it is open or closed, degree of soft tissue injury, & displacement