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VETS1025 > Poultry Husbandry > Flashcards

Poultry Husbandry Flashcards

1
Q

Commercial poultry species (6)

A

1) Chicken
2) Duck
3) Goose
4) Turkey
5) Game birds
6) Ratites

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2
Q

Chickens are used primarily as a source of: (3)

A

1) Meat and egg
2) Broiler chickens
3) laying hens

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3
Q

General facts about Turkey

A
  • meat producers
  • 60% produced in NA
  • Most common in AUS is hybrid white bird
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4
Q

Ducks: General facts

A
  • Ducks and geese grouped together as water fowl

- used for meat, eggs, feathers

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5
Q

2 types of duck

A

1) Pekin duck

2) Muscovy duck

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6
Q

Goose: General Facts

A
  • First domesticated in China
  • 3 commercial breeds
  • Kept as ornamental birds or watch geese
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7
Q

3 types of commercial goose breeds

A

1) White Embden
2) Grey Toulouse
3) African
4) White and Brown Chinese

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8
Q

Game (def.)

A

A word which is properly applied to wild creatures that are hunted for food

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9
Q

Types of gamebirds in australia (4)

A

1) Pheasant
2) Guinea fowl
3) Quail
4) Squab pigeon

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10
Q

Ostrich and Emu (General facts)

A
  • type of Ratites
  • international market for both
  • hides/meat, oil are valuable
  • Emu is Australias largest bird
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11
Q

Broiler

A

Fowl grown for meat

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12
Q

Layer

A

Fowl maintained for egg production

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13
Q

Chicken

A

Also known as chooks

Young birds, entire fowl, meat that is eaten by humans

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14
Q

Cockerek, cock, rooster

A

Adult make chicken

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15
Q

Pullet

A

Immature female layer

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16
Q

Point-of-lay pullet

A

Just reaching sexual maturity

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17
Q

Spent hen

A

Hen at the end of her reproductive cycle

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18
Q

4 reproduction goals in domestic fowl

A

1) Breeder replacement
2) Commerical/market poultry
3) Sustain companion bird supplies
4) Species conservation

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19
Q

Ovulation specifics in Domesticated Fowl

A
  • Egg is produced with/without fertilization
  • Ovulate in cycles of 24-30 hours
  • Strongly photosensitive/varies between species
  • After ovulation, fertilization can occur in oviduct
  • sperm survive 14 days in crytp of funnel
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20
Q

4 major egg components

A

1) Yolk
2) Albumen
3) Shell membranes
4) Shell

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21
Q

Yolk

A

Energy-rich supply of food
21-36% lipids, 16-22% protein
Yolk suspended by Chalazae

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22
Q

Albumen

A

90% water, 10% protein
Embryos water supply and shock absorber
Buffer from sudden T-change

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23
Q

Shell Membranes

A

Contain inner and outer shell membranes
Protect against bacterial invasion
Prevent rapid evaporation of moisture

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24
Q

Shell

A
  • Contains thousands of pores for gas exchange
  • Wall of the uterus gives pigmentation to egg shells
  • Shell protects embryo
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25
Q

Chalazae

A

Twisted strand of protein which holds the yolk in the center(ish) of the egg

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26
Q

Where is the germinal spot found within the egg?

A

The yolk

27
Q

Incubation and Hatching of chicken

A

21 day incubation period

18 days: initial/setter stage
3 days: hatching stage

28
Q

Incubation for the rest of fowl (except chickens)

A

Days: 16-28
Ducks: 35
Ostrich: 42

29
Q

Main sexing mechanisms (3)

A

1) Vent sexing - visual
2) Internal sexual organs - lamp
3) Feather colour - visual inspection

30
Q

Feather colours in male vs female chicks

A

Female: 2 dark lines
Male: 1 solid line

31
Q

6 management systems for day old chicks

A

1) Graded - weak ones culled
2) Sexed
3) Vaccinated
4) Beak trimmed
5) Put into boxes of 100
6) Transported to farms

32
Q

Australian chicken meat industry

A

Multi-billion dollar agribusiness
85% intensively reared
15% free range
44kg/person/year

33
Q

Australian chicken egg industry

A

Multi-billion dollar agribusiness
4.7 trillion eggs produced per year
213eggs/person/year

34
Q

3 diseases chicks are vaccinated for

A

1) Infectious bronchitis
2) Marek’s disease
3) Newcastle disease

35
Q

2 main types of meat and egg production systems

A

1) Broiler industry

2) Layer industry

36
Q

Broiler industry

A

Intensive litter furbished sheds
RSPCA accredited
Free range
Certified organic

37
Q

Layer Industry

A 
▪ Cage;
▪ Aviary;
▪ Barn;
▪ Free range;
▪ Free range certified organic.
38
Q

Australian model code of practice for welfare of domestic poultry

A

“the humane breeding, raising, transportation and processing of birds”

39
Q

Layer farms:

A

1) Intensive (10,000-1,000,000 birds)
2) Alternative housing system (free range, barn, and organic egg)
3) Semi-intensive (few hundred to few thousand)
4) Extensive (few chooks scavenging the yard)

40
Q

Growing farms

A

Producing the end product (chicken meat)

41
Q

Processing plant

A

Process and market chicken meat

42
Q

Brooding

A

Period where chicks need supplemented heat
Start at 33 deg. and lower 0.5 deg/day until 14-20 days of age
>21 days: 22-25 for layers, 20 for broilers

43
Q

What conditions are found in Broiler sheds?

A

Controlled environments

1) No windows
2) Temperature controlled
3) Insulated
4) Artificial lights
5) Gas heating for brooding

44
Q

What is the biggest disease affecting chickens?

A

Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT)

45
Q

Preventative medicine for ILT (EXAM QUESTION)

A

Infectious Laryngotracheitis

1) Biosecurity
2) Vaccination
3) Hygiene
4) Husbandry practice
5) Prophylactic Medication
6) Nutrition
7) Eradication
8) Genetics

46
Q

Biosecurity (2)

A

Quarantine

1) Barriers to stop challenge reaching the birds
2) Decontaminating all things that cross the boarder

47
Q

Vaccination

A

Aspects of vaccination

1) required
2) Timing
3) Method
4) Correct dose
5) Monitor

48
Q

Hygiene

A

1) Decontaminate from one batch to another

2) AIAO - All In All Out system

49
Q

Husbandry practice

A

Need correct environment for flock

Poor env.: Stress, decreased immunity, disease

50
Q

Prophylactic Medication

A

Ex) medication to prevent coccidiosis

Dose calculations are critical

51
Q

Nutrition

A

Nutrition has a major effect on production
Nutrition/health interactions
Nutritional diseases
Water

52
Q

Factors that affect poultry nutrition

A

Genetics, age, sex, production aim, temperature, housing, grains, protein supplement, energy supplements, vitamins, minerals (Ca, P, Cu, Zn, Mo, Fe, Se), synthetic AA (Lys, Met, Thr), essential FA (Lioleic acid)

53
Q

Eradication

A

Ex) Avian influenza

All eradication programs require veterinary involvement

54
Q

Genetics

A
  • Heritable diseases and breed sensitivity to disease needs to be recognized
  • Genetic development done by geneticist
55
Q

Largest percentage of housing for industrial poultry?

A

Cage and Aviary 55%

56
Q

How many eggs does one chicken produce on average?

A

Produce eggs between 17-80 weeks
Produce 350 eggs
Chicken body mass: 1.7kg-2.2kg

57
Q

What is a chicken feed conversion ratio?

A

FCR is the rate at which feed is converted to desired output (meat)
FCR of chickens: 1.45

58
Q

4 Welfare views

A

1) Farmers view
2) Scientists view
3) Behaviouralist view
4) Liberationists view

59
Q

Producers view of welfare:

A

Provide a physical environment which optimizes health and productivity

60
Q

Scientists view of welfare:

A

Measurement of physiological signs to determine coping of animal

1) Plasma cortisol
2) Heart Rate

61
Q

Behaviouralist view of welfare:

A

Behavioural outcomes can be measures to assess the animals welfare
(frustration, willingness to be trained, etc)

62
Q

Liberationists view of welfare:

A

Animals fare best if they live according to their nature and can perform their full range of behaviours

63
Q

RSPCA Welfare definition (5)

A

1) Freedom of pain, injury, disease
2) Freedom from hunger and thirst
3) Freedom to express normal behaviour
4) Freedom from discomfort
5) Freedom from fear and distress

64
Q

What species were chickens descended from?

A

Red and Grey Jungle Fowl

VETS1025 (8 decks)

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