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VETS1025 > Poultry Husbandry > Flashcards

Poultry Husbandry Flashcards

1
Q

Commercial poultry species (6)

A

1) Chicken
2) Duck
3) Goose
4) Turkey
5) Game birds
6) Ratites

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2
Q

Chickens are used primarily as a source of: (3)

A

1) Meat and egg
2) Broiler chickens
3) laying hens

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3
Q

General facts about Turkey

A
  • meat producers
  • 60% produced in NA
  • Most common in AUS is hybrid white bird
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4
Q

Ducks: General facts

A
  • Ducks and geese grouped together as water fowl

- used for meat, eggs, feathers

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5
Q

2 types of duck

A

1) Pekin duck

2) Muscovy duck

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6
Q

Goose: General Facts

A
  • First domesticated in China
  • 3 commercial breeds
  • Kept as ornamental birds or watch geese
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7
Q

3 types of commercial goose breeds

A

1) White Embden
2) Grey Toulouse
3) African
4) White and Brown Chinese

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8
Q

Game (def.)

A

A word which is properly applied to wild creatures that are hunted for food

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9
Q

Types of gamebirds in australia (4)

A

1) Pheasant
2) Guinea fowl
3) Quail
4) Squab pigeon

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10
Q

Ostrich and Emu (General facts)

A
  • type of Ratites
  • international market for both
  • hides/meat, oil are valuable
  • Emu is Australias largest bird
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11
Q

Broiler

A

Fowl grown for meat

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12
Q

Layer

A

Fowl maintained for egg production

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13
Q

Chicken

A

Also known as chooks

Young birds, entire fowl, meat that is eaten by humans

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14
Q

Cockerek, cock, rooster

A

Adult make chicken

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15
Q

Pullet

A

Immature female layer

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16
Q

Point-of-lay pullet

A

Just reaching sexual maturity

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17
Q

Spent hen

A

Hen at the end of her reproductive cycle

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18
Q

4 reproduction goals in domestic fowl

A

1) Breeder replacement
2) Commerical/market poultry
3) Sustain companion bird supplies
4) Species conservation

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19
Q

Ovulation specifics in Domesticated Fowl

A
  • Egg is produced with/without fertilization
  • Ovulate in cycles of 24-30 hours
  • Strongly photosensitive/varies between species
  • After ovulation, fertilization can occur in oviduct
  • sperm survive 14 days in crytp of funnel
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20
Q

4 major egg components

A

1) Yolk
2) Albumen
3) Shell membranes
4) Shell

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21
Q

Yolk

A

Energy-rich supply of food
21-36% lipids, 16-22% protein
Yolk suspended by Chalazae

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22
Q

Albumen

A

90% water, 10% protein
Embryos water supply and shock absorber
Buffer from sudden T-change

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23
Q

Shell Membranes

A

Contain inner and outer shell membranes
Protect against bacterial invasion
Prevent rapid evaporation of moisture

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24
Q

Shell

A
  • Contains thousands of pores for gas exchange
  • Wall of the uterus gives pigmentation to egg shells
  • Shell protects embryo
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25
Chalazae
Twisted strand of protein which holds the yolk in the center(ish) of the egg
26
Where is the germinal spot found within the egg?
The yolk
27
Incubation and Hatching of chicken
21 day incubation period 18 days: initial/setter stage 3 days: hatching stage
28
Incubation for the rest of fowl (except chickens)
Days: 16-28 Ducks: 35 Ostrich: 42
29
Main sexing mechanisms (3)
1) Vent sexing - visual 2) Internal sexual organs - lamp 3) Feather colour - visual inspection
30
Feather colours in male vs female chicks
Female: 2 dark lines Male: 1 solid line
31
6 management systems for day old chicks
1) Graded - weak ones culled 2) Sexed 3) Vaccinated 4) Beak trimmed 5) Put into boxes of 100 6) Transported to farms
32
Australian chicken meat industry
Multi-billion dollar agribusiness 85% intensively reared 15% free range 44kg/person/year
33
Australian chicken egg industry
Multi-billion dollar agribusiness 4.7 trillion eggs produced per year 213eggs/person/year
34
3 diseases chicks are vaccinated for
1) Infectious bronchitis 2) Marek's disease 3) Newcastle disease
35
2 main types of meat and egg production systems
1) Broiler industry | 2) Layer industry
36
Broiler industry
Intensive litter furbished sheds RSPCA accredited Free range Certified organic
37
Layer Industry
``` ▪ Cage; ▪ Aviary; ▪ Barn; ▪ Free range; ▪ Free range certified organic. ```
38
Australian model code of practice for welfare of domestic poultry
"the humane breeding, raising, transportation and processing of birds"
39
Layer farms:
1) Intensive (10,000-1,000,000 birds) 2) Alternative housing system (free range, barn, and organic egg) 3) Semi-intensive (few hundred to few thousand) 4) Extensive (few chooks scavenging the yard)
40
Growing farms
Producing the end product (chicken meat)
41
Processing plant
Process and market chicken meat
42
Brooding
Period where chicks need supplemented heat Start at 33 deg. and lower 0.5 deg/day until 14-20 days of age >21 days: 22-25 for layers, 20 for broilers
43
What conditions are found in Broiler sheds?
Controlled environments 1) No windows 2) Temperature controlled 3) Insulated 4) Artificial lights 5) Gas heating for brooding
44
What is the biggest disease affecting chickens?
Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT)
45
Preventative medicine for ILT (EXAM QUESTION)
Infectious Laryngotracheitis 1) Biosecurity 2) Vaccination 3) Hygiene 4) Husbandry practice 5) Prophylactic Medication 6) Nutrition 7) Eradication 8) Genetics
46
Biosecurity (2)
Quarantine 1) Barriers to stop challenge reaching the birds 2) Decontaminating all things that cross the boarder
47
Vaccination
Aspects of vaccination 1) required 2) Timing 3) Method 4) Correct dose 5) Monitor
48
Hygiene
1) Decontaminate from one batch to another | 2) AIAO - All In All Out system
49
Husbandry practice
Need correct environment for flock | Poor env.: Stress, decreased immunity, disease
50
Prophylactic Medication
Ex) medication to prevent coccidiosis | Dose calculations are critical
51
Nutrition
Nutrition has a major effect on production Nutrition/health interactions Nutritional diseases Water
52
Factors that affect poultry nutrition
Genetics, age, sex, production aim, temperature, housing, grains, protein supplement, energy supplements, vitamins, minerals (Ca, P, Cu, Zn, Mo, Fe, Se), synthetic AA (Lys, Met, Thr), essential FA (Lioleic acid)
53
Eradication
Ex) Avian influenza | All eradication programs require veterinary involvement
54
Genetics
- Heritable diseases and breed sensitivity to disease needs to be recognized - Genetic development done by geneticist
55
Largest percentage of housing for industrial poultry?
Cage and Aviary 55%
56
How many eggs does one chicken produce on average?
Produce eggs between 17-80 weeks Produce 350 eggs Chicken body mass: 1.7kg-2.2kg
57
What is a chicken feed conversion ratio?
FCR is the rate at which feed is converted to desired output (meat) FCR of chickens: 1.45
58
4 Welfare views
1) Farmers view 2) Scientists view 3) Behaviouralist view 4) Liberationists view
59
Producers view of welfare:
Provide a physical environment which optimizes health and productivity
60
Scientists view of welfare:
Measurement of physiological signs to determine coping of animal 1) Plasma cortisol 2) Heart Rate
61
Behaviouralist view of welfare:
Behavioural outcomes can be measures to assess the animals welfare (frustration, willingness to be trained, etc)
62
Liberationists view of welfare:
Animals fare best if they live according to their nature and can perform their full range of behaviours
63
RSPCA Welfare definition (5)
1) Freedom of pain, injury, disease 2) Freedom from hunger and thirst 3) Freedom to express normal behaviour 4) Freedom from discomfort 5) Freedom from fear and distress
64
What species were chickens descended from?
Red and Grey Jungle Fowl

VETS1025 (8 decks)

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