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VETS1025 > Dairy Husbandry > Flashcards

Dairy Husbandry Flashcards

1
Q

First Dairy settlement was in:

A

1788, with first fleet of settlers

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2
Q

Most important rural industries in Australia:

A

1) Beef
2) Wheat
3) Dairy

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3
Q

Dairy Industry Key Points (4)

A

1) 3rd largest diary exporter
2) export 45% of production
3) produce: Milk, milk powder, yoghurt, butter, cheese
4) AU and NZ only produce 4% of worlds milk but account for 45% of worlds milk trade

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4
Q

In AUSTRALIA:
Average Herd Size
Average Hectares
Family or Commercial

A

273 cows per herd
200 hectares
Family owned

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5
Q

Highest Milk Production in AUS

A

South Eastern Australia (Melbourne, Tasmania, Adelaide area)

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6
Q

(%) of dairy cattle are (Breed)

A

75% of dairy cattle are Holstein Friesian

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7
Q

Which state has the highest milk production in Australia?

A

Victoria

Over 4000 dairy farms

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8
Q

2 types of Dairy Products

A

1) Market Milk

2) Manufacture Milk

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9
Q

Market Milk

A

Short shelf-life
processed immediately for drinking

QLD is 100% market milk
Not sustaining own milk production
Brings up milk from NSW

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10
Q

Manufacture Milk

A

Longer lasting milk

Cheese, butter, powder

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11
Q

Utilization of Australian milk

A

highest: 34% Cheese
Lowest: 11% Powder

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12
Q

Deregulated Australian Milk Market

A

1) no legislative control of price paid to farmers
2) Prices based on milk fat and protein solids
3) Incentive/penalties payment scheme
4) Price received varies between states

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13
Q

Trends of australian dairy farms since deregulated market

A

number of farms has decreases
number of cows has increases
production of milk per farm has increased

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14
Q

Temperate Australian Breeds

A

BAG-HIJ

Brown Swiss
Ayrshire
Guernsey
Holstein 
Illawarra
Jersey
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15
Q

Tropical Australian Breeds

A

Af-SZ
Australian Friesian
Sahiwall
Australian Milking Zebu

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16
Q

Holstein Friesian

A

75% of dairy cows
Most numerous and popular breed

High milk volume
Low solid components (fat/protein)

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17
Q

Jersey

A

Second most important breed
Used in cross-breed herds

Low milk volume
High components (fat/protein)
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18
Q

Brown Swiss

A

Adapt to different conditions

Average milk production
High components (fat/proteins)
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19
Q

Illawarra

A

Developed in Australia

Average milk production 
Average components (fat/protein)
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20
Q

Ayrshire

A 
Average milk production 
Average components (fat/protein)
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21
Q

Guernsey

A 
Average milk production 
Average components (fat/protein)
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22
Q

Calf

A

young male or female

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23
Q

Bobby calfs

A

young male calf usually destined for veal

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24
Q

Heifer

A

young female that has not yet had calf

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25
Q

First Calf Heifer

A

female after giving birth to first calf

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26
Q

Cow

A

female after second calving

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27
Q

Bull

A

Sexually mature uncastrated male

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28
Q

Fresh Cow

A

cow that has recently calved

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29
Q

Colostrum

A

First milk following calving

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30
Q

Lactation

A

Period of milk production

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31
Q

Gestation

A

Length of pregnancy (283 days)

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32
Q

Dry Cow

A

Non-lactating cow (dried off, dry cow therapy)

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33
Q

Dam

A

female parent in a pedigree

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34
Q

Sire

A

male parent in a pedigree

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35
Q

Cull Cow

A

cow to be removed from herd

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36
Q

Downer Cow

A

Cow unable to rise

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37
Q

Bulk milk tank

A

on farm refrigerated, stainless steel storage vessel in which milk is cooled quickly to 2-4 degrees

38
Q

Milking parlour

A

Specialized are of the farm where milking is performed

39
Q

Mastitis

A

Inflammatory (infection) of mammary gland

40
Q

Somatic Cell Count

A

(SCC)

Number of white blood cells per ml of milk

41
Q

optimal milking period (days)

A

305

42
Q

optimal gestation period (days)

A

283

43
Q

Optimal dry off period (days)

A

60

44
Q

Lactation protocol

A

Remove calf 12-24 hours after birth
Withhold milk for first 8 milkings
Milked 2-3 times per day

45
Q

Dry period

A

Stop milking cow prior to calving
Dry period 50-60 days
Given intramammary antibiotics

Regeneration of milk secretory tissue in udder
- leads to increased production next lactation
<30 days = less milk next lactation
>70 days = contribute to obesity

46
Q

Ideal Cow (timing)

A 
60 day dry period
40-60 day voluntary waiting period
20 day mating period
283 day Gestation 
60 day dry period
47
Q

3 types of calving patters

A

1) Seasonal
2) Split/Batch
3) Year Round

48
Q

Seasonal Calving Pattern

A

Aim to match pear milk production with peak pasture growth
Most common production system
All periods (dry off, mating, etc) occur at the same time for all cows

49
Q

Split/Batch Calving Pattern

A

Aim is to maximize production through spring and summer
Done to meet demands of consumers
Generally 2 batches per year
*can have problems with pasture maturity

50
Q

Year Round Calving Pattern

A

Aim to supply even amounts of milk all year round
Aimed more at market/white milk
Dominant in QLD, WA, and NSW

51
Q

Typical Feeding structures for Dairy Cattle

A

Primarily grazing

Some are feedlot

52
Q

Grass (pro’s and cons)

A

Pro:
Cheapest, cows designed to eat grass, less disease

Cons:
Hard to control intake, limited water resource, dependent of weather, still require supplements
DONT MAKE A LOT OF MILK WITH GRASS

53
Q

Types of Supplements (3)

A

1) Grain
2) Hay/Silage
3) By-products

54
Q

Examples of by-products (4)

A

1) Cotton seed
2) Brewers grain
3) Cannery Waste
4) Bread

55
Q

Pro’s of Supplements (4)

A

1) Less reliance on rainfall
2) Control over intake
3) By-products usually relatively cheap
4) Allow increased production over grass alone

56
Q

Con’s of Supplements (3)

A

1) Fluctuating supplies
2) Variable feed price
3) Increased Acidosis

57
Q

Feedlot Pro’s (3)

A

1) Better nutritional control
2) More milk per cow
3) Not reliant on local weather

58
Q

Feedlot Cons

A

1) Increased costs
2) Feed costs will fluctuate
3) Increased risk of diseases (4)

59
Q

4 diseases associated with feedlots

A

1) Mastitis
2) LDA/RDA
3) Acidosis
4) Lameness

60
Q

Colostrum

A

Antibodies provided in mothers milk

Absorpion decreases exponentially for the calf

61
Q

Colostrum management (2)

A

1) remove calf 2-3 hours after birth

2) Feed 4 litres of colostrum within 6 hours

62
Q

Umbilicus/naval spraying

A

Umbilicus should be sprayed with 7% iodine solution right after birth to prevent infection of the joints
- bacteria can infect umbilicus and affect joints

63
Q

Feeding for ruminant development

A
  • 1st month calf needs 4 litres per day with 500g solids
  • water needs to always be available
  • dry forage is critical for rumen development
  • calf starters from day 3 in the form of pellets
64
Q

Calf Housing

A

Calves are poor regulators of temp.

  • protect against rain, shine, cold
  • shelter with grass available is best
  • no contact with other animals
  • clear regularly
65
Q

Calf health diseases and infections (6)

A

1) Scours (diarrhoea)
2) Pneumonia
3) Umbilical infection/naval infection
4) Joint infection/joint ill
5) Internal parasites
6) External parasites

66
Q

Calf Diarrhoea

A 
Calves less than 6 weeks 
Combination 
- environment
- challenge 
- poor immunity 
Bacterial or viral
67
Q

Diarrhoea management in calves (3)

A

1) Hydration (gastric tube, intravenous)
2) Metabolit imbalances (Electrolytes)
3) Antibiotics

68
Q

Diarrhoea prevention in calves (3)

A

1) Colostrum
2) Reduce pathogen exposure
3) Reduce stress

69
Q

Pneumonia in calves; causes (6)

A 
Calves after weaning 
Combination
1) - Stress
2) - Pathogen
3) - Poor ventilation 
4) - Poor hygiene 
5) Virus 
6) Bacteria
70
Q

Calf husbandry procedures (4)

A

1) Identification
2) Disbudding/Dehorning
3) Castration
4) Vaccination

71
Q

Types of identification (6)

A

1) ear marking/notching
2) ear tattooing
3) Freeze branding
4) Photography
5) Ear-tagging
6) Radio frequency identification device (RFID)

72
Q

Ear tattooing

A

Stud procedure

Difficult to read

73
Q

Freeze Branding

A

Leaves white marks on black coats
Liquid nitrogen expense
Easier to read than fire brand

74
Q

RFID

A 
National Livestock Identification System (NLIS)
Traceability for 
1) biosecurity 
2) Meat Safety 
3) Product Integrity 
4) Market Acces
75
Q

Uses for NLIS (5)

A

1) Backup if other tag is lost
2) Herd recording
3) Automatic drafting
4) Computer controlled feeding
5) Recording milk production in automated systems

76
Q

Disbudding

A

Removal of horn producing cells
Calves less than 2 months
Buds are not attached to bone yet

77
Q

Dehorning

A

Removal of horn and horn producing cells
Horn attached to skull
Creates sinus exposure to environment
Most painful procedure for cattle

78
Q

Types of castration (2)

A

1) Surgical castration

2) Non-surgical castration

79
Q

Surgical Castration (2)

A

1) Knife

2) Scalpel + Emasculator

80
Q

Non-surgical castration (2)

A

1) Burdizzo

2) Elastrator

81
Q

Types of Diseases that can be vaccinated against: (5)

A

1) Clostridial diseases
2) Leptospirosis
3) Botulism
4) Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF)
5) Tick Fever

82
Q

Types of Clostridial Diseases (5)

A

Caused by anaerobic bacteria in the environment

1) Tetanus
2) Malignant oedema
3) Blackleg
4) Enterotoxaemia
5) Black Disease

83
Q

Vaccination procedure (4)

A

(DSSE)

1) Dose
2) Site
3) Storage
4) Expiry date

84
Q

Cow Body Score

A

Most common: 1-5

Dairy Australia: 1-8

85
Q

Why use the body score?

A

Body condition affects

1) Milk production
2) Reproductive performance

86
Q

Thin cows

A

Repro effects: Lower conception rates

Milking effects:

  • use more energy for weight gain than milk production
  • lower lactation persistency
87
Q

Fat cows at calving

A

More problems
Lower dry matter
Metabolic disease
Not as bad compared to too skinny

88
Q

Body score at calving and at mating

A

At calving: 4.5-5.5

At mating: 4.0-5.0

89
Q

Signs of mastitis

A

Pain
Swelling
Redness
Milk Changes

90
Q

Lameness

A 
Multifactorial Aetiology 
- environmental 
- management 
- animal 
High grain diets can cause lameness 
Can affect reproduction
91
Q

Downer Cow Differential (4)

A

1) Traumatic
2) Metabolic
3) Neurological
4) Toxic Infections

92
Q

How to dry-off a cow? (4)

A
  • needs to be below 12 litres per day
  • reduce concentrate feeding

1) Completely milk out
2) Insert dry cow antibiotic
3) Apply teat drip
4) Don’t milk again

VETS1025 (8 decks)

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