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VETS1025 > Horse Husbandry > Flashcards

Horse Husbandry Flashcards

1
Q

Understand the history and evolution of the horse

A

Originated in NA
Domesticated in Asia
Evolution: Look at lower limb structure

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2
Q

Understand how horses have uniquely adapted to their surroundings (4)

A

1) Ability to digest food
2) Diatema
3) Springing foot
4) Vision

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3
Q

Scientific name for horses

A

Equus caballus

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4
Q

Horse quick facts

A

Lifespan: 25-30 years
Gestation period: 340avg (320-370)
Breeding: Seasonal summer breeders

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5
Q

Types of Heavy horses

A

1) Clydesdale

2) Percheron (tall, grey, spotted)

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6
Q

Types of Heavy horses (2)

A

1) Clydesdale

2) Percheron (tall, grey, spotted)

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7
Q

Types of Light Horses (8)

A

1) Thoroughbred
2) Australian stock horse
3) Quarter horse
4) Arabian
5) Warmblood
6) Standardbred
7) (Show horses)
8) Miniature horses

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8
Q

Types of Ponies (3)

A

1) Welsh Mountain Pony
2) Shetland
3) Miniature

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9
Q

Types of teeth in horses

A

Ever-erupting

Hypsodont (high crowned)

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10
Q

Ability to digest food adaptations

A

Grass as food

  • ruminant digestion more effective
  • non-stop eating

Cellulose = key

  • Caecum in horse, Rumen in ruminants
  • Fermentation essential: Bacteria and protozoa produce VFAs
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11
Q

Briefly describe the horse industry in Australia

A

Thoroughbred Industry: $671.2 Billion yrs
35% in South/East Australia
250,000 people employed

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12
Q

State the different ways that we identify horses

A

Examination procedure
Microchip
Written ID
DNA

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13
Q

Identification Procedures (7)

A

1) Sex
2) Colour
3) Age (or DOB)
4) Natural Marking - head and neck, legs, etc
5) Acquired markings
6) Congenital abnormalities
7) Brands

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14
Q

Identification Procedures (7)

A

1) Sex
2) Colour
3) Age (or DOB)
4) Natural Marking - head and neck, legs, etc
5) Acquired markings
6) Congenital abnormalities
7) Brands (tattoos)

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15
Q

Colt

A

Uncastrated male 3 years or less

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16
Q

Stallion/horse

A

Uncastrated male 4 years and over

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17
Q

Gelding

A

Castrated male of any age

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18
Q

Filly

A

Female 3 years or less

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19
Q

Mare

A

Female 4 years and over

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20
Q

4 Basic Colours

A

1) Chestnut
2) Bay
3) Brown
4) Black

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21
Q

Chestnut colour

A

Body colour: Yellow, Golden,red-liver colour

Mane and tail are the same colour as each other

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22
Q

Bay colour

A

Uniform bay (light brown) skin pigment
Mane and tail is black
Distal limbs and ear tips are black

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23
Q

Black colour

A

Uniform black skin pigment
Black muzzle
Black colour solid black (+/-) white markings

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24
Q

Black colour

A

Uniform black skin pigment
Black muzzle
Black colour solid black (+/-) white markings

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25
Grey colour
Uneven mixture of coloured and white hairs White develops with age Transitional: Grey-brown, grey-chestnut
26
White colour
Foal born white Pigment sometimes on poll, ear, and tail Sometimes blue eyes
27
Whorls
Irregular arrangement of coat hair Type of fingerprint Cannot be brushed out Absence of whorls on face need to be noted
28
Types of acquired markings (4)
1) Scars 2) Saddle and girth marks 3) Dropped hips 4) Nicks and tears in nostrils/ears
29
Congenital abnormalities
Wall eye - lack of pigment Loop ears, Roman nose, dished nose Muscle indentation Dental abnormality
30
Branding
Freeze branding, Heat branding | Kills pigment producing cells (freeze)
31
How to read freeze branding
Top: Reference (breeder) brand Middle: Foal drop (sequence) number Bottom: Year number
32
Standardbred branding
Use alpha angle numerical symbols | 2 columns of 4
33
Microchips
``` All thoroughbreds from 2003-onward Equestrian australia registration All horses that are vacc. against Hendra 15 digit number Must be implanted by vet ```
34
What do all thoroughbreds need if born after 2003?
``` Identification Card Passport for life Contain narrative, sketch, and microchip # Accompanies horse to races and stud Original created and signed by vet ```
35
Briefly explain the care of horses in relation to nutrition
Evolved as forage animals Hind gut fermenters Grazers Store fat, use in drought or winter
36
Briefly explain the care of horses in relation to dentistry
24 teeth Ever erupting teeth 1st molar is the oldest Chemical sedation Sharp enamel points from incomplete wear can cause ulcers Gag, light, and floats are essential for dentistry procedures
37
Briefly explain the care of horses in relation to farriery
``` Constant growth Trimming every 4-6 weeks Ground underfoot influences rate of wear Long hooves can develop pathology NEED medial/lateral balance NEED 180deg. hoof pastern axis ```
38
Briefly explain the care of horses in relation to preventative care - worming, vaccination
3 Main: Tetanus, Strangles, Hendra
39
3 Types of Supplementation
1) Roughages: (grass, legumes [lucerne, clover], cereals [often chaff]) 2) Concentrate: (oats, barley, sorghum, maize and rice, commercial mixes 3) Protein: (soybean, lucerne, lupins, cottonseed, sunflower, linseed)
40
Tetanus
``` Bacterial disease - Clostridium tetani Enter through wounds Neurotoxin -> Spastic paralysis Costly + difficult to treat Preventative vaccine - inactivated ```
41
Strangles
Streptococcus equi Passes through nasal/oral secretions Contagious, usually non-fatal Vaccination: cell free extract ``` Symptoms: Painful swollowing (Dyspnoea) Cough Rupture of lymph nodes to outside Purulent nasal discharge ```
42
Hendra Virus
Group: Henipavirus Vaccination only available to vets Vaccinated horses must get microchip
43
Symptoms of Tetanus in a horse
``` Spatic muscles* Rigid limbs Erect ears Exposed 'third eyelid' Difficulty walking, eating, drinking, and breathing ```
44
Symptoms of Hendra Virus
``` Rapid illness onset Fever Increased heart rate Discomfort of weight shifting Rapid respiratory or nervous Difficulty breathing Muscle twitching Loss of vision ```
45
Explain basic breeding cycles of the mare (Mare Management)
Short days -> High melatonin -> Anoestrus Long day -> increase GnRH -> Oestrus ~21 day cycle Spring transition period: Follicles may develop and appear on heat, but no ovualtion occurs = no pregnancy Bred from 15th Sept. to foal on 1st August Can mimic long days
46
Mare breeding and how its affected by season
- Reproductive activity correlated with day length
47
Explain how we manipulate the breeding cycle to meet requirements of the Thoroughbred Industry
AI banned in Thoroughbreds This maintains gene pool ~30-40 pregnancies/stallion/season
48
"Serving"
Breeding or mating
49
"Wet Mare"
Mare with foal at foot
50
"Dry Mare"
Mare without foal
51
Maiden Mares
Mares that have not yet had a foal
52
Multiparous Mares
Mares that have had many foals
53
Stallions: Two types of breeding systems
1) Paddock mating | 2) Intensive mating
54
Paddock mating
- Stallions run with band of mares - Pregnant mares removed and replaced - Between 90% (ideal) and 66% (actual) conception rate - Stallions may bet kicked or injured
55
Intensive mating
- Common: Stallions have high value - Good handling affects conception rate - Require daily heat detection "teaser stallion" Mares on Oestrus tolerate male and display "TUW" = Tail up, Urinating, Winking Males show "Flehmen" response
56
Serving Procedures
- Prepped with tail wrap - Teaser ultrasound, rectal ultrasound - Perineum cleaned - Mare restrained with twitch, breeding boots, hobbles - Stallion teased and penis washed - AI also used
57
How can we mimic long days for Mare Breeding? (4)
1) 16 hours of daylight, 2-3 extra hours of artificial lighting 2) "Flash lighting": 1-hour artificial lighting 9-10 hours after sunset 3) 8-10 weeks of increased light for mare to respond -> start on lights in July 4) Equilume Mask
58
Important dates for Breeding (5)
1) Ovulation: ~day 5 of Oestrus 2) Dioestrus (luteal) phase: 4-15 days 3) Preg check: 11-16 days 4) 30 days: Check still pregnant 5) 45 days: Check pregnancy + normal dev.
59
Causes of low conception rate:
1) inappropriate season 2) Selection of breeding stock 3) Aging mares/stallions 4) Breeding mares regardless of reproductive performance
60
Precautions taken for Mare before foaling (2)
1) Transport to foaling yard 6 weeks before foaling date to build antibodies to local infections 2) 2-1 Vaccination for proper colostrum antibodies
61
Parturition
- "Foaling" - Best foaled in open yard with minimal interference - 7-14 days before: Udder hypertrophic, vulva ligaments lengthen and relax - Milk dripping from teat means ~24 hours to birth - Mares usually foal between 7pm-7am, usually +/- 2hrs from midnight
62
3 stages of foaling
Stage 1: Uterine contractions and cervical dilation Stage 2: Foaling proper Stage 3: Passing of placenta (afterbirth)
63
Stage 1: foaling
- Called: Uterine contractions and cervical dilation | - (walk/trot around yard, leaves herd, rolls around "false colic"
64
Stage 2: foaling
Called: Foaling proper - Water breaks "Foetal fluids" - foal born 10-20 minutes after water break - born 2x feet and head first
65
Stage 3: foaling
Passing of placenta (afterbirth) - Occurs 15-120mins after birth - if >6h, vet intervention needed - Mare may show signs of colic - Examine placenta (intact, other problems, etc.)
66
Equine Neonate: general info
``` Relatively mature at birth Standing by 1 hour Eyes and ears open No acquired immunity (need colostrum) Small glycogen stores - get tired easy Sensitive to temperature Fragile homeostasis: cant concentrate urine, high water loss, dehydrate easily ```
67
4 Foal Considerations
1) Clean umbilicus (iodine) 2) Meconium impaction 3) Check for failure of passive transfer (colostrum) 4) Tetanus antitoxin
68
Foal Weaning
5-7 months of age Taught: to be caught, led, tied up, farrier Branding/microchipped Socialize with other hoses

VETS1025 (8 decks)

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