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VETS1025 > Horse Husbandry > Flashcards

Horse Husbandry Flashcards

1
Q

Understand the history and evolution of the horse

A

Originated in NA
Domesticated in Asia
Evolution: Look at lower limb structure

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2
Q

Understand how horses have uniquely adapted to their surroundings (4)

A

1) Ability to digest food
2) Diatema
3) Springing foot
4) Vision

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3
Q

Scientific name for horses

A

Equus caballus

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4
Q

Horse quick facts

A

Lifespan: 25-30 years
Gestation period: 340avg (320-370)
Breeding: Seasonal summer breeders

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5
Q

Types of Heavy horses

A

1) Clydesdale

2) Percheron (tall, grey, spotted)

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6
Q

Types of Heavy horses (2)

A

1) Clydesdale

2) Percheron (tall, grey, spotted)

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7
Q

Types of Light Horses (8)

A

1) Thoroughbred
2) Australian stock horse
3) Quarter horse
4) Arabian
5) Warmblood
6) Standardbred
7) (Show horses)
8) Miniature horses

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8
Q

Types of Ponies (3)

A

1) Welsh Mountain Pony
2) Shetland
3) Miniature

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9
Q

Types of teeth in horses

A

Ever-erupting

Hypsodont (high crowned)

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10
Q

Ability to digest food adaptations

A

Grass as food

  • ruminant digestion more effective
  • non-stop eating

Cellulose = key

  • Caecum in horse, Rumen in ruminants
  • Fermentation essential: Bacteria and protozoa produce VFAs
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11
Q

Briefly describe the horse industry in Australia

A

Thoroughbred Industry: $671.2 Billion yrs
35% in South/East Australia
250,000 people employed

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12
Q

State the different ways that we identify horses

A

Examination procedure
Microchip
Written ID
DNA

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13
Q

Identification Procedures (7)

A

1) Sex
2) Colour
3) Age (or DOB)
4) Natural Marking - head and neck, legs, etc
5) Acquired markings
6) Congenital abnormalities
7) Brands

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14
Q

Identification Procedures (7)

A

1) Sex
2) Colour
3) Age (or DOB)
4) Natural Marking - head and neck, legs, etc
5) Acquired markings
6) Congenital abnormalities
7) Brands (tattoos)

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15
Q

Colt

A

Uncastrated male 3 years or less

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16
Q

Stallion/horse

A

Uncastrated male 4 years and over

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17
Q

Gelding

A

Castrated male of any age

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18
Q

Filly

A

Female 3 years or less

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19
Q

Mare

A

Female 4 years and over

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20
Q

4 Basic Colours

A

1) Chestnut
2) Bay
3) Brown
4) Black

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21
Q

Chestnut colour

A

Body colour: Yellow, Golden,red-liver colour

Mane and tail are the same colour as each other

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22
Q

Bay colour

A

Uniform bay (light brown) skin pigment
Mane and tail is black
Distal limbs and ear tips are black

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23
Q

Black colour

A

Uniform black skin pigment
Black muzzle
Black colour solid black (+/-) white markings

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24
Q

Black colour

A

Uniform black skin pigment
Black muzzle
Black colour solid black (+/-) white markings

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25
Q

Grey colour

A

Uneven mixture of coloured and white hairs
White develops with age
Transitional: Grey-brown, grey-chestnut

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26
Q

White colour

A

Foal born white
Pigment sometimes on poll, ear, and tail
Sometimes blue eyes

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27
Q

Whorls

A

Irregular arrangement of coat hair
Type of fingerprint
Cannot be brushed out
Absence of whorls on face need to be noted

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28
Q

Types of acquired markings (4)

A

1) Scars
2) Saddle and girth marks
3) Dropped hips
4) Nicks and tears in nostrils/ears

29
Q

Congenital abnormalities

A

Wall eye - lack of pigment
Loop ears, Roman nose, dished nose
Muscle indentation
Dental abnormality

30
Q

Branding

A

Freeze branding, Heat branding

Kills pigment producing cells (freeze)

31
Q

How to read freeze branding

A

Top: Reference (breeder) brand
Middle: Foal drop (sequence) number
Bottom: Year number

32
Q

Standardbred branding

A

Use alpha angle numerical symbols

2 columns of 4

33
Q

Microchips

A 
All thoroughbreds from 2003-onward
Equestrian australia registration
All horses that are vacc. against Hendra
15 digit number
Must be implanted by vet
34
Q

What do all thoroughbreds need if born after 2003?

A 
Identification Card
Passport for life
Contain narrative, sketch, and microchip #
Accompanies horse to races and stud
Original created and signed by vet
35
Q

Briefly explain the care of horses in relation to nutrition

A

Evolved as forage animals
Hind gut fermenters
Grazers
Store fat, use in drought or winter

36
Q

Briefly explain the care of horses in relation to dentistry

A

24 teeth
Ever erupting teeth
1st molar is the oldest
Chemical sedation
Sharp enamel points from incomplete wear can cause ulcers
Gag, light, and floats are essential for dentistry procedures

37
Q

Briefly explain the care of horses in relation to farriery

A 
Constant growth
Trimming every 4-6 weeks
Ground underfoot influences rate of wear
Long hooves can develop pathology
NEED medial/lateral balance 
NEED 180deg. hoof pastern axis
38
Q

Briefly explain the care of horses in relation to preventative care - worming, vaccination

A

3 Main: Tetanus, Strangles, Hendra

39
Q

3 Types of Supplementation

A

1) Roughages: (grass, legumes [lucerne, clover], cereals [often chaff])
2) Concentrate: (oats, barley, sorghum, maize and rice, commercial mixes
3) Protein: (soybean, lucerne, lupins, cottonseed, sunflower, linseed)

40
Q

Tetanus

A 
Bacterial disease - Clostridium tetani
Enter through wounds
Neurotoxin -> Spastic paralysis 
Costly + difficult to treat
Preventative vaccine - inactivated
41
Q

Strangles

A

Streptococcus equi
Passes through nasal/oral secretions
Contagious, usually non-fatal
Vaccination: cell free extract

Symptoms: 
Painful swollowing (Dyspnoea)
Cough
Rupture of lymph nodes to outside 
Purulent nasal discharge
42
Q

Hendra Virus

A

Group: Henipavirus
Vaccination only available to vets
Vaccinated horses must get microchip

43
Q

Symptoms of Tetanus in a horse

A 
Spatic muscles*
Rigid limbs
Erect ears
Exposed 'third eyelid'
Difficulty walking, eating, drinking, and breathing
44
Q

Symptoms of Hendra Virus

A 
Rapid illness onset
Fever
Increased heart rate
Discomfort of weight shifting 
Rapid respiratory or nervous
Difficulty breathing 
Muscle twitching
Loss of vision
45
Q

Explain basic breeding cycles of the mare (Mare Management)

A

Short days -> High melatonin -> Anoestrus
Long day -> increase GnRH -> Oestrus
~21 day cycle
Spring transition period: Follicles may develop and appear on heat, but no ovualtion occurs = no pregnancy
Bred from 15th Sept. to foal on 1st August
Can mimic long days

46
Q

Mare breeding and how its affected by season

A
  • Reproductive activity correlated with day length
47
Q

Explain how we manipulate the breeding cycle to meet requirements of the Thoroughbred Industry

A

AI banned in Thoroughbreds
This maintains gene pool
~30-40 pregnancies/stallion/season

48
Q

“Serving”

A

Breeding or mating

49
Q

“Wet Mare”

A

Mare with foal at foot

50
Q

“Dry Mare”

A

Mare without foal

51
Q

Maiden Mares

A

Mares that have not yet had a foal

52
Q

Multiparous Mares

A

Mares that have had many foals

53
Q

Stallions: Two types of breeding systems

A

1) Paddock mating

2) Intensive mating

54
Q

Paddock mating

A
  • Stallions run with band of mares
  • Pregnant mares removed and replaced
  • Between 90% (ideal) and 66% (actual) conception rate
  • Stallions may bet kicked or injured
55
Q

Intensive mating

A
  • Common: Stallions have high value
  • Good handling affects conception rate
  • Require daily heat detection “teaser stallion”
    Mares on Oestrus tolerate male and display “TUW” = Tail up, Urinating, Winking
    Males show “Flehmen” response
56
Q

Serving Procedures

A
  • Prepped with tail wrap
  • Teaser ultrasound, rectal ultrasound
  • Perineum cleaned
  • Mare restrained with twitch, breeding boots, hobbles
  • Stallion teased and penis washed
  • AI also used
57
Q

How can we mimic long days for Mare Breeding? (4)

A

1) 16 hours of daylight, 2-3 extra hours of artificial lighting
2) “Flash lighting”: 1-hour artificial lighting 9-10 hours after sunset
3) 8-10 weeks of increased light for mare to respond -> start on lights in July
4) Equilume Mask

58
Q

Important dates for Breeding (5)

A

1) Ovulation: ~day 5 of Oestrus
2) Dioestrus (luteal) phase: 4-15 days
3) Preg check: 11-16 days
4) 30 days: Check still pregnant
5) 45 days: Check pregnancy + normal dev.

59
Q

Causes of low conception rate:

A

1) inappropriate season
2) Selection of breeding stock
3) Aging mares/stallions
4) Breeding mares regardless of reproductive performance

60
Q

Precautions taken for Mare before foaling (2)

A

1) Transport to foaling yard 6 weeks before foaling date to build antibodies to local infections
2) 2-1 Vaccination for proper colostrum antibodies

61
Q

Parturition

A
  • “Foaling”
  • Best foaled in open yard with minimal interference
  • 7-14 days before: Udder hypertrophic, vulva ligaments lengthen and relax
  • Milk dripping from teat means ~24 hours to birth
  • Mares usually foal between 7pm-7am, usually +/- 2hrs from midnight
62
Q

3 stages of foaling

A

Stage 1: Uterine contractions and cervical dilation
Stage 2: Foaling proper
Stage 3: Passing of placenta (afterbirth)

63
Q

Stage 1: foaling

A
  • Called: Uterine contractions and cervical dilation

- (walk/trot around yard, leaves herd, rolls around “false colic”

64
Q

Stage 2: foaling

A

Called: Foaling proper

  • Water breaks “Foetal fluids”
  • foal born 10-20 minutes after water break
  • born 2x feet and head first
65
Q

Stage 3: foaling

A

Passing of placenta (afterbirth)

  • Occurs 15-120mins after birth
  • if >6h, vet intervention needed
  • Mare may show signs of colic
  • Examine placenta (intact, other problems, etc.)
66
Q

Equine Neonate: general info

A 
Relatively mature at birth
Standing by 1 hour
Eyes and ears open 
No acquired immunity (need colostrum)
Small glycogen stores - get tired easy
Sensitive to temperature 
Fragile homeostasis: cant concentrate urine, high water loss, dehydrate easily
67
Q

4 Foal Considerations

A

1) Clean umbilicus (iodine)
2) Meconium impaction
3) Check for failure of passive transfer (colostrum)
4) Tetanus antitoxin

68
Q

Foal Weaning

A

5-7 months of age
Taught: to be caught, led, tied up, farrier
Branding/microchipped
Socialize with other hoses

VETS1025 (8 decks)

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