Poultry & Aviary Birds Flashcards
Passerines v. non-passerines
*Passerines: Songbirds, perching birds– real definition: structure of the foot- 3 toes direct forward free of webbing and one toe directed backwards
* Non- passerines: Waterbirds with webbing or parrots with two toes directed forwards and two directed backwards
Galliformes
turkey, grouse, chicken, quail, partridge, pheasant
Columbiformes
Pigeons and doves
Psittaformes
Parrots (psittacines)- 393 species- mostly tropical and subtropical
Falconiformes
species of diurnal birds of prey
Anseriformes
Ducks and geese
Raptors
Same as falconiformes?? Kites, kestrels, hawks, falcons, eagles
Ratites
Ostrich, emu, rhea, cassowary
Praecocial vs. Altricial birds
Praecocial birds are those whose young can feed themselves as soon as they are hatched e.g. domestic fowl, ducks, ostrich
* Altricial birds- young require intensive feeding by parents for some time after hatching e.g. pigeons, budgeries
With renal disease in birds, what other system might be affected due to proximity?
Air sac– or vice versa. Kidneys are in close association with abdominal air sac- ventral surface of the kidney forms part of the dorsal wall air sac
What is the avian blood supply to the kindey? What is unique about bird blood supply with IM injection to the leg?
3 renal arteries plus the renal portal vein– valves associated with external iliac vein and vena cava
** IM injection into the leg may be delivered directly to the kidney and possibly excreted before entering systemic circulation therefore fail to achieve therapeutic concentration in systemic circulation; nephrotoxic substances may result in severe renal toxicity since direct dose
How is uric acid excreted in birds? How is this different to mammals?
* Uric acid excreted via tubular secretion independent of GFR– excreted with faeces (no loop of henle)
* mammals- urea excreted in urine
What are the functions of the avian kidney?
* Excretion of uric acid, control of electrolytes, fluids
* Water resorption by renal tubules, etc.- uric acid precipitation in lower aspect of ureter
* Urinary water may be resorbed by cloaca/ rectum/ colon etc. by antiperistaltic movement of renal excreta into rectum/ colon etc.
When does polyuria occur in birds?
stress, prior to egg laying, nephrosis e.g. heavy metal poisoning, diabetes
What is the normal color of urates? What does it mean if they are yellow/orange/brown? Green? Sick?
* chalky white to cream colour
* Yellow/orange/brown: B-complex vitamin injections
* Green: liver disease resulting in failure of excretion of biliverdin via bile results in excretion via the kidney with green colouration
* Sick: cream-pale yellow– depressed, sick, anorexic
What is the most likely ddx with haematuria, haemoglobinuria, porphyrinuria in birds?
* heavy metal poisoning
What is visceral gout?
Deposition of urates on epicardium and peritoneum especially over liver capsule, associated with acute renal failure
What is articular gout?
Deposition of urates on joints and synovial sheaths, usually associated with chronic renal failure but sometimes without renal disease (e.g. idiopathic, genetics, high protein diet)
What is renal gout?
Tophus formation (tophi), foci of acute inflammation associated with uric acid crystals in interstitial tissues of kidney, renal tubule degeneration/rupture- crystals into interstitial tissue- tophi
Causes of pre renal disease?
Dehydration, anaemia (E. nectarix, E. tenella coccidioisis)
Causes of post renal disease?
Obstruction/ partial obstruction of ureters such as urolithiasis or impaction of cloaca and/or pelvic canal with faecoliths (constipation), uroliths, FBs, egg impacted, distended oviduct, cloacitis, prolapsed cloaca
What are common congential conditions of the kidneys in birds?
* absence of one or more lobes, renal cysts, and inherited metabolic abnormalities e.g. reduced uric acid clearance
What does toxic nephropathy in birds normal result in? What are some causes of toxic nephropathy?
** Acute or chronic nephrosis
* Heavy metal toxicity, mycotoxins (ochratoxicosis), medications (aminoglycosides, sulphonamides), excess dietary calcium (young chickens), hypervitaminosis D (also through hypercalcaemia)
Common metabolic nephropathies in birds
* Associated with fatty liver – kidney syndrome or renal amyloidosis (amyloid deposition in kidney similar to that in liver) or urolithiasis
What is urolithiasis? Consequences? Usually affects? Cause?
* Obstruction of one or both ureters by uroliths
* Often leads to atrophy of kidney, subsequent hypertrophy of unaffected kidney, and renal and/or visceral gout if both kidneys compromised
* Usually seen in adult laying hens but also occasionally in younger birds
* Cause is unknown but Infectious Bronchitis Virus is suspect, Excess dietary Ca and mycotoxicosis
What are viral infectious diseases of the kidneys in birds?
* Infectious bronchitis virus- some strains are more nephrotropic than others
* Infectious bursal disease
* Avian nephritis virus (astrovirus- enterovirus)– associated with nephrosis and visceral gout, lesions include degeneration/ necrosis of tubular epithelium, heterophils, and lymphocyte infiltration, interstitial nephritis and fibrosis
* Polyomaviruses in budgies- causes inclusion bodies (e.g. proteins typically represent sites of viral multiplication) in glomeruli and/or epithelial cells lining convoluted tubules
Bacterial infections that impact the kidneys in birds
* Septicaemic diseases that localize in the kidneys
* Ascending infections of the ureter- pyelonephritis- cage layer hens (trauma to cloaca due to vent pecking)
* extension from abdominal air sac disease- fungal nephritins
Protozoan infections that impact avian kidneys
* renal cocciodiosis in geese and little penguins
* Short-tailed shearwater (mutton birds)– limey disease- causes focal pale areas in kidneys due to urate retention
Helminth infections in avian kidneys
* Flukes within ureter such as Renicola spp or within renal veins e.g. Schistosome (Austrobilhazia spp etc) causing granulomatous inflammation of ureter (ureteritis), possibly leading to obstruction
What is the most commonly seen companion bird with what type of neoplasia? What can occur?
Adenocarcinoma middle aged to older budgerigars (3-4 years old or more)–> pressure on sciatic nerve plexus–> paresis/ paralysis
What is unique about the female avian repro system?
Most species left ovary and left oviduct are active, right ovary and oviduct are vestigial
What does stimulation of ovarian development depend on?
* Environmental factors
* Exposure to light- increasing photoperiod, minimum photoperiod below which ovary is inactive
* Moisture, nest availability, etc.
* Blood Ca level– higher during active egg production, reduction below level will result in ovarian inactivity
When does ovarian regression occur?
* Seasonal during winter
* Or adverse conditions such as nutritional stress or disease stress
What can ovarian regression lead to?
* rupture of the yolk follicle–> “yolk peritonitis”
* relatively bland condition unless yolk is contaminated with infectious agent OR if free yolk grow microorganisms over time
* if so can cause peritonitis
** worst case yolk embolism leading to brain infarction
What are ectopic ovules?
* Ovules released from ovary that fail to be inducted into oviduct
* can be free within the peritoneal cavity without problem…. or can be caseous adherent to peritoneum causing peritonitis– more severe inflammation
Ectopic eggs?
* shelled or non-shelled occasionally found free within the peritoneal cavity implying rupture in oviduct– may be associated with obstruction of oviduct
* Egg peritonitis can result from severe salpingitis
Oophoritis in birds?
* Usually caused by bacterial infection of ovary, localization in ovary from septicaemia
e.g. from Salmonella pullorum, S. enteritidis, Pasteurella multocida
Common ovarian tumours of birds?
* Ovarian adenocarcinomas- metastasize, invade peritoneal lymphatics–> blockage–> ascites–> distended abdomen.
* Oviductal adenocarcinoma
* Lymphosarcomatous neoplasms or oviductal adenocarcinomas that metastasized to ovary
* Marek’s disease
* Lymphoid leucosis
Hypoplasia/ Segmental aplasia of the oviduct
* often caused by Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV)
Degeneration of oviduct? causes?
* effects epithelium of oviduct and result in abnormalities of albumen, internal egg quality, eggshell thickness/ quality, pigmentation or lack of
* Causes: nutrition e.g. inadequate Ca, Toxic effects e.g. chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, IBV
Egg Drop Syndrome? Causes? Transmission? Signs?
* Caused by EDS viruses, haemagglutinating adenovirus, IBV, Newcastle disease virus, heat stress (common in AUS), acute toxicities e.g. sulphonamides
* Viruses commonly associated with waterfowl
* Transmission: vertical, lateral between flocks, spread from ducks/geese (domestic or wild) or via drinking water contamination by such birds
* Signs: loss of egg shell strength/ pigmentation, slightly depressed 1-2 days, protective antibody but flock without previous antibody sudden fall in production
What are feathers purpose?
* Display, insulation, waterproofing, protection, sensory function, flight
What is important about feather tracts?
Injections or procedures, must stay away from them
Bird molting
* Natural
- cyclic (annual or biennial)
- continuous
** all dependent on species (e.g. Penguins lose them all at once and stay in the nest for a long period of time)
* Induced– when they regrow their feathers which takes a month– can use the same beds
PBFD transmission?
Transmission: vertical and horizontal
* Treatment: destroy the flock
* Diagnosis: histopath (biopsy with feather follicle in formalin) or PCR (PICK UP THE NEWER STUMPY FEATHERS)
Treatment of mites in birds
Ivermectin on the skin– be careful not to overdo it as it can be fatal + remedicate in 2-3 weeks time (could also use Malathion wash/ dip)
Significance of mites in birds
* dermatitis, anaemia, transmission of blood-borne pathogens
Backyard chicken presents with severe scabs and nodules on faces… what do you do?
Euthanasia and necropsy
* Bacterial colonies seen with histopath, as well as inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm
** Treatment: vaccination + antibiotics
Possible aetiology?
* normal/ seasonal loss of feathers
* congenital defect
* nutritional
* feather picking
* infectious
Unique characteristics of bird skin
* Skin is thinner
* Dermis is looser
* No sweat glands
* Not as vascularized
* No sensory organs
* Dermis is extensive
* Epidermis is very thin
Highly cornified
Contour feather
* Vane of the feather
* Barbs and barbules important for flight
Considerations when clipping feathers
Clubbed down- a condition in chickens suffering from a nutritional deficiency of riboflavin: the erupting feathers do not rupture the feather sheaths properly, causing the feathers to have a coiled structure.
Feather cysts- subcutaneous accumulations composed of keratin
* Congenital defect
Causes of feather picking
* Pruritis
* Systemic disease
* Boredom (95% of the time)
* Psychosis
- sexual frustration
- change of environment
* Overcrowding (especially chickens)
* Light intensity
* Nutritional (protein, sodium, (multi-vitamin))
Inclusion bodies in the inclusion layers in the feather follicles + inflammatory cells
* Circovirus (Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease)
* Cockatoos and Princess Parrots are very susceptible
* skin is dark
PBFD
* Unable to perch or fly
DDX PBFD
Budgerigar Fledgling Disease
Budgerigar Fledging Disease
Budgerigar Fledging Disease inclusion bodies, large and pale
Diagnosis of Budgerigar Fledgling Disease Diagnosis? Transmission?
Viraemic– so secretions
Control:
- hygiene, quarantine and testing, isolation, vaccination (N. America, not in AUS)
What is this? Signs and symptoms?
Pox virus- though you can see viral dermatitis in other viral diseases
What will you see with Poxvirus?
Viral nodules
Pox virus
Pox virus– with secondary bacterial infection
Tx with antibiotics as well Clavulonic Acid to kill staph as well
Inclusion body- pox virus
Types of Poxvirus, which is not in Australia?
Parrot Pox not in Australia (at least rare)
Transmission of pox virus?
Treatment?
Sheds from infected skin (nodules are full of virus- inclusion bodies)
* BUT Cannot penetrate intact skin therefore you need some physical trauma therefore disease happens in the warmer part of the year because of insects
* Minimum cross species transmission except pigeon pox–> chickens
** Treatment: antibiotics and vaccination
Control of Pox Virus
Vaccination methods in birds
Staph bacterial infection
Blue Wing Disease (smell)
Circovirus + Clostridium + Staph
Septicaemic, die quickly
Mites- parasitic dermatitis- often Knemido- coptic
Mites- tasselfoot
Mites- scaly face + often causes overgrowth of the beak
Mites from a bird
Scrape close to the dermis until you see oozing– the mites are close to the dermis
** oil first and then the scraping
Dermanyssus
Northern Fowl Mite (Ornithonyssus sylvarium)
Argas persicus
Lice, lay a lot of eggs– not normally very harmful however
Treatment in birds of lice and mites
Signs of an ill bird
•
Recommended formularies and dose rates
•
Pediatrics and aviculture
1.Handling/clinical exam/class of bird/wing clip and nail clip
1.
ASSESSMENT OF THE SICK BIRD
RECOGNITION OF SIGNS OF ILLNESS
It often appears that birds die suddenly from their illnesses, however,
in many cases this
is not true. Usually it is a failure of
recognition
that there is a problem until it is
advanced.
Birds
have a strong
natural instinct to disguise illness (most species of birds are flight,
fright prey species). In the
wild, it is safer for a bird to look the same as the rest of the
flock.
Showing signs of illness (e.g. weakness) will make them a target for
predation.
However there are plenty of signs that can be seen early in the disease process for
the vigilant owner or the experienced vet. This is a good reason for regular
examinations.
What do we look for?? A bird MAY be ailing if:-
(a) The feathers are fluffed up, the head is drawn into the body or
tucked under a
wing. This is the classical sick bird look and the bird may have been sick for a
considerable amount of time before this stage is reached.
(b)It is inactive; i.e. not climbing or flying around the aviary or cage
and not preening
itself, or changes it’s usual perching position.
(c) It is not calling or responding to its mates calls.
(d) The eyes have a tendency to close and do not open to a full round
eye (looks
sleepy).
e.
Movements of the head are slow.
f.
Appearance is not symmetrical, or posture is unusual.
(g) It frequents the ground in the aviary or the bottom of the cage.
(h) Breathing movements are noticeable or audible. Bobbing of the
tail is a guide to
respiration but varies from bird to bird.
(i) The vent is soiled, (dirty bottom)
!
3
(j) If there is any discharge from the nostrils
at all
.
(k) If a singing bird stops singing or has a change in voice.
(1) It is not regularly eating or
not passing normal droppings
regularly
over the day.
(m) Excessive stretching of wings, and legs or shivering.
(n) The body weight of the bird is declining.
A
sleeping
bird may have some of these signs
but
a sleeping bird -
a.
Is found mostly in the late morning, noon or early afternoon.
b.
Will often be perching on one leg.
c.
Will wake to a slight sound and maybe stretch a wing and/or leg.
Adduct it’s
shoulders and fly off, afterwards assuming a sleek
appearance
What can you do for a stressed bird?
Put it in a warm, dark spot in the clinic
Important things to remember about bird handling
Does not use gloves unless handling birds of prey
Like to get the birds out of the cage themselves
Using towels and tea towels
Do not hold chest tight because you’ll compress air sacs needed to push air into the lungs
Basic Handling Tips
Useful equipment – towels (suitable size and thickness, I find tea towels really useful
to use especially with small birds, upto Galah size). Avoid using gloves, they will
significantly reduce your ability to properly hold and examine
the bird and will result
in a higher incidence of deaths as a result of reduced digital sensitivity. Nets can be
useful if you have a wild escapee.
Important things to remember
- Parrot beaks hurt so have control of the head first.
- Birds of prey can cause incredible damage with their feet.
- pigeons need support of
the body.
- Chickens/fowl, control the wings and support the body
- Swans are really good at pecking at eyes, so control the head.
- Rough handling of a tame bird can cause significant trust issues with future handling
not only at the vets but also with the owner.
!
4
-If you are seeing experienced breeders it may be
better to get them to handle their
birds, most pet owners however don’t know how to handle their birds and they often
end up flying around the room for 10 minutes before you can get hold of them. It’s a
good idea to explain to an owner how you are going to handle the bird and how this
minimizes the stress to the bird.
-Try to cause minimal stress, often birds need time to settle so get history and do
observations first. Remove excess cage furniture to make things easier for you and the
bird.
-Have everything you need ready and handle the bird for as little time as possible to
reduce stress especially if it is a sick bird
History taking with birds
•
History taking
-
It is important to have a working knowledge of commonly kept species.
This is not only useful in gain client trust but can be helpful in offering
possible differentials of disease and treatment plans. Some species are
more prone to certain diseases and some have specific husbandry
requirements.
-
Sometimes it is helpful to have clients fill out questionnaires before
their initial consultation. This can tell you a lot of basic information
with out taking up to much consultation time.
-
Often a bird is stressed from the car ride into the clinic and may also be
stressed from the waiting room, so consultation should always start
with history taking and observation before there is any attempt to touch
the bird.
-
Check list for history taking includes
•
age,
not all owners know the age of their birds, the age can be
confirmed if the bird has a ring
•
details of why the bird was bought in
•
information about diet – ask about every aspect of the diet.
•
how the bird is kept, is it an aviary bird? Has it been hand
reared and how? Is it a breeding bird?
•
what is the birds daily routine?
•
what environment factors may be significant.
•
Is the bird in contact with other birds
•
Previous medical history – previous tests etc may be helpful.
•
Detailed history of husbandry, some diseases can be corrected
by simply improving the husbandry. In the past 10 years there
has been a great increase in knowledge of how to keep birds. It
may make a considerable difference to the recovery to improve
husbandry – cage location, sleep at night, available perches,
toys to play with, branches to chew, access to UV light, what is
the substrate at the bottom of the cage?
•
Client history forms – (see appendix)
•
Examination of cage and environment
-
Always encourage owners to bring in the cage as is (uncleaned) with
the bird. This could provide essential clues as to why the bird is sick
and what is causing the problem as well as clues as to the owners
!
5
understanding on husbandry care of the bird. Birds often become sick
due to being kept in an inappropriate environment, very rarely will a
client come in who you can’t teach better husbandry care for their pet.
Clinical exam of birds
* Observing bird in the cage to look for abnormalities in behaviour, movement, body shape, respiratory depth and rate, birds response and reaction to the environment
*Give them some time to relax and adjust to the consult room
* beware of handling sick birds– towel
* dim the light, make sure door and windows are closed
Put it down list
equipment in every consult room
Minimize stress when transporting a bird especially when ill
Nursing a sick bird
* Body temperature for small finches/ canaries have a normal body temperature above 41 degrees C, normal heart rates of more than 500 beats/ minute, and breath normally 80-120 times/ minutes.
* Avoidance of stress is vital for recovery
* Warmth– 30-35 degrees C for smaller birds, larger ones e.g. Cockatoos slightly lower temperatures (hot hair blower fan will seldom be satisfactory du to air movement– cardboard box and a covered or red globe (100W)– with a thermometer to ensure correct temp. Thermostat is better. Over 6-7 days the temperature may be reduced gradually.
* Darkness
* top quality food and water- seed, grass, cuttle fish, thistle, seeding grassed.. place near sick bird e.g. remove perches and put food or water on the floor
*Isolation- esp separated and separate food and water containers
* Monitor droppings– keep a written record– number of droppings, consistency
* Remove grit from bird’s cage– depraved appetite end up engorging themselves on grit resulting in impact of the gizzard and proventriculus. Grit, unlike minerals do not dissolve in the GI tract
* Exercise- playing and free flying should be avoided until full recovery– avoid bathing
Used for crop feeding
Keeping the beak open for example, throat swab for Chlamydia
Unique anatomy and physiology
•
Unique bird anatomy.
-
respiratory system, no diaphragm, air sac system (9 air sacs in most
birds), tubular lung tissueattached to ribs and rigid tracheal rings.
-
integument – thin skin (10 cell layers) covered with feathers used for
flight, temperature regulation, protection and display.
-
large keel bone resulting in a small abdominal area.
-
Skeleton – medulla-cortex ratio, pneumatic bones and no teeth.
-
Digestive system – crop, proventriculus and gizzard (with back and
forward movement of food) and cloaca
-
Urogential system - Internal gonads and egg layers with 1 developed
uterine horn. Kidneys attached to the backbone and pelvis, main waste
product is uric acid and no bladder.
-
The anatomical and physiological difference between birds and
mammals holds the key to understanding disease processors, how one
might expect a disease to present itself and the best way to approach
and diagnosis and treatments. A full knowledge of the differences can
also help us realize that we can’t treat birds like little cats or dogs avian
medicine is a specialty of its own.
* All 10 on both sides to keep balance so they dont’ injure themselves if they do fly (if you clipped one side)
Just primary flight feathers
Pre-anaesethetic assessment bird
Bird premeds
Bird intubation
What is unique about the avian skeleton?
Determining alignment?
Hour glass appearance– all fit in imaginary parallel lines between the shoulder and hip– anythign outside of that swelling internally e.g. liver or tumour, etc
* air sacs, birds are full of air– look for haziness or changes– air sac disease
Loops of the trachea
Ovaries and follicles
huge testicles
Budgie with an egg
Poor nutrition, poor diets, low Ca
Distance across largest part of the heart, distance across largest part of the chest
If heart is > 60% of the distance across the chest, you are likely to have heart disease
Metal poisoning– but have to consider is it just stones and grit or actually metal poisoning?
Use of contrast radiography in avian medicine
More for highlighting internal changes– really small birds because hard to differentiate between organs– where the liver starts and finishes.
Contrast radiography confirming a hernia in a duck because there are many reasons a mass could be there
Ultrasound use in avian medicine?
U/S not that useful in birds because of their air sacs– e.g. RG and see ground glass only– then U/S could be helpful to determine is it fluid? Solid?
Sites for blood samples in birds
Taking blood samples from birds. Which is the only good jugular in a bird?
Right jugular
Green poo? Seeds?
Biliverdin = Psittacosis (not always but commonly)
** Seeds on top of poo or mixed in the poo- are the seeds landing on top of the poo or is there possible maldigestion
Excess urine– reabsorb water really quickly in health some are designed to live in the desert
Rotation of tibiotarsus- what causes this? Is it congenital?
Two birds come from different genetic pools, so unlikely
Nutrition- too normal of a diet so unlikely
TWISTED LEG SYNDROME from textbooks– outward or inward deviation of the leg bilateral or unilateral, can occur in any species of bird. Sometimes causes by angular deformities. Dyschondroplasia?? Formation of avascular aplasia in the bone ends– couldn’t find evidence
What is this? Causes?
Dyschondroplasia?? Formation of avascular aplasia in the bone ends– couldn’t find evidence
What is this? Causes?
Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System
Rickets- Failure of mineralisation
Causes:
- Vit D def
- Ca def
- Phosphorous def
Ca/P imbalance
Growing period nutrition recommendations in chickens
Osteoporosis “cage layer fatigue”
Signs:
* fractures and callus formations, lameness, paralysis, poor egg shell, deviated sternum
Causes:
* Low dietary Ca: laying ration, growing ration…
* Low dietary vit D
* Low dietary Phosphorous
* Lack of exercise
Fracture causes in birds
e.g. captive eagle fed only meat
Osteomyelitis
Other than bacteria, what else can cause arthritis/ tenosynovitis?
* Viral
* Gout- renal failure, idiopathic–> dietary?
Diseases of tendons in birds? Causes?
* Tenosynovitis
* Ruptured tendon syndrome
Causes:
- tenosynovitis
- tendon structure
- nutritional factors
- spontaneous
- Management– increasing feeding space, decreasing density
Anatomy of the avian respiratory system
Diseases of the avian respiratory system
Signs and forms of sinusitis
Acute sinusitis
Organisms in avian mycoplasmosis
Chronic respiratory disease
Other signs/ lesions of chronic respiratroy disease
Diagnostic options of chronic respiratory disease
Treatment of chronic respiratory disease
Prevention and control of chronic respiratory disease
Fowl Coryza
Prevention and Control of Fowl Coryza
Treatment of Fowl Coryza
Australian Veterinary Poultry Association Code of Practice for use of Antibiotics in the Poultry Industry
Australian Veterinary Poultry Association Code of Practice for use of Antibiotics in the Poultry Industry
Veterinary care and supervision of recipient stock
Australian Veterinary Poultry Association Code of Practice for use of Antibiotics in the Poultry Industry
Off Label Use of Antibiotics
Currently registered antibiotics for laying hens in Australia
What is PUBCRIS?
Clinical signs in diseases of the trachea
Diseases of the trachea DDX
Infectious bronchitis
IB forms
IBV
Transmission of IBV? Diagnosis?
RT- PCR
Serology- ELISA
Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT)
Gallinaceous birds- includes turkey, grouse, chicken, New World quail and Old World quail, ptarmigan, partridge, pheasant, junglefowl and the Cracidae
Diagnosis of ILT
Prevention of ILT
Prevalence of ILT in Australia
ILT Strain ID
Newcastle Disease
NDV history in Australia? Forms of the disease?
* Velogenic (classical ND)
* Mesogenic
* Lentogenic
Velogenic ND
Mesogenic ND
Lentogenic ND
NDV in other species (aside from chickens)
Aetiology of NDV
Transmission of NDV
Diagnosis of NDV
Control of NDV
Prevention of NDV
3 possibilities?
Resp mycoses predisposing factors? Diagnosis? Treatment?
Dealing with resp mycoses
Diseases of the air sacs
Disease of the air sacs
Clinical signs of Chlamydiosis (Psittacosis, Ornithosis)
Chlamydiosis
Important points about Chlamydiosis (Psittacosis)
Recommended prevention Chlamydiosis
Treatment Chlamydiosis
1 mL (20 drops) per 100 mL of drinking water
Prevention and control Chlamydiosis
Diseases of the air sacs
Three main behaviors in non-breeding season of birds
Normal behaviour
-
Most species of parrot are only 1 or 2 generations from wild state except
for a few domesticated species (eg budgie, cockatiel, lovebird and
ringnecks) which means many birds maintain their wild tendencies but
lack the stimuli and training for full social development.
-
Natural bird behaviour can be divided up into three to four key areas.
•
In the non breeding season a bird spend their time in social
interaction, foraging and maintenance behaviour
•
During breeding season they continue the 3 key behaviours but
they are heavily influenced by reproductive behaviours. During
breeding season birds that may normally flock may divide in pairs,
will remain close to the nest site becoming aggressive of intruders
and spending much time in sexual interaction with their mate.
Most of the features in a captivity life style is more conducive to a
breeding arrangement than normal social template.
Biggest tip on keeping birds
Social behaviour in parrots
Foraging and maintenance behaviours in parrots
What is training?
Behaviours to avoid
Feather plucking DDX and diagnostic algorithm
Reproduction and captivity
Choosing the right bird
Common nutritional diseases of birds
Natural supplements of birds
Dominance over birds
general tips on how to best keep birds
Avoid sexual behaviours such as nose rubbing excessive petting and grooming,
allowing the bird to groom the owner and do sexual acts on the owner. Randy
Lorries will hump anything during the breeding season, they especially love the
little soft toys owners seem to like to give them (so thought needs to be given to
the types of toys people buy).
Common behavioural problems
Feather plucking treatment
Examples of unique nutrition for different birds
the all-seed diet
Veggies, fruit and green food for birds
Nuts and grit for birds
Pelleted and extruded diets for birds?
Synthetic homemade diets and vitamin and supplements for birds
Foods to avoid with birds
Typical diet for a psittacine
Typical diet for a Lorikeet or Budgie
Typical diets for finches & canaries, pigeons, gallinaceous birds & waterfowl, magpies & ravens & kookaburras?
Obesity in birds
* Lipomas will often regress over time or respond to increased exercise and dietary modification
Vitamin A Deficiency
Calcium, Phosphorous, Vit D3, and metabolic bone disease in birds
Vitamin E deficiency
Vit K, Thiamine (B1) Deficiency, Goiter in birds?
Pre-anesthetic assessment
Inhalation anesthetics for birds? Injectable anesthetics?
Premeds in birds
Intubation of birds
Depth of anesthetic and monitoring
Post-op recovery
Euthanasia of aviary birds
When should a bird be seen asap?
When should a bird be seen within 24 hours?
Shock tx
Fluid treatment in birds
Oral fluids in birds
Subcutaneous fluids
IV Fluids
Intraosseous fluids
Intraosseous fluids
Oxygen
Common avian emergencies
Egg binding
heavy metal poisoning
