Pallor and Jaundice

Question 1

Answer 1

Question 2

Biliverdin in birds

Answer 2

Liver disease resulting in failure of excretion of biliverdin via the bile usually

results in excretion via the kidney resulting in green colouration of the urates

–

biliverdinuria.

Question 3

Clinical signs of liver disease

Answer 3

Question 4

How do you diagnose liver disease in birds?

Answer 4

Serum/plasma chemistry and Radiology (large or small– normally hour-glass shadow of the liver)

** Increases in AST and/or LDH (while CK remains steady) and/or bile acids stronly suggests liver disease

Question 5

Other signs of liver disease

Answer 5

Question 6

Problems with serum chemistry and the diagnosis of liver disease

Answer 6

Question 7

Answer 7

Normal liver

Question 8

Diagnostic approach to liver disease

Answer 8

Diagnostic approach for necropsy cases

* Impression smear–> Gram/Giemsa stain

* Swab or fresh tissue–> Microbiology or PCR

* Fixed tissue–> histopathology

Question 9

Answer 9

Question 10

Answer 10

Mycotoxicosis… most commonly– Aflatoxicosis

Question 11

Diseases of the avian liver

Answer 11

Question 12

Bacterial hepatitis- common causes?

Answer 12

Question 14

Answer 14

Inclusion body hepatitis

Young chickens (broilers)

2-6 weeks old

Adenovirus (one of 12)

Acutely swollen liver with multiple pale and/or haemorrhagic foci

Confirmed by histopath

Outbreaks in AUS caused by pathogenic viruses without previous immunocompromise

No treatment– there is a vaccine (live or killed)– minimal cross protection between 12 adenoviruses)

Question 15

Answer 15

Question 16

Herpes in pigeons

Answer 16

Question 17

pacheco’s disease in parrots

Answer 17

Question 18

Duck virus hepatitis

Answer 18

Question 19

Histomoniasis

Answer 19

Question 20

Treatment of histomoniasis

Answer 20

Question 21

Summary liver disease

Answer 21

Question 22

Parasitic hepatitis

Answer 22

Question 23

Injection sites

Answer 23

Question 24

Antibiotic use

Answer 24

Question 25

NSAIDs

Answer 25

Question 26

Crop feeding and medicating

Answer 26

Question 27

Nebulisation

Answer 27

Question 28

Topical meds

Answer 28

Question 29

Fluids

Answer 29

Question 30

Antifungals

Answer 30

Question 31

Corticosteroids

Answer 31

Question 32

Witholding periods backyard chickens

Answer 32

Question 33

Reproductive diseases of birds

Answer 33

Question 34

Hand rearing birds

Answer 34

Question 35