Exam Study Flashcards
Key Features Repro
Structure of the follicle
Ovarian Activity
Reproductive Hormones
Ovulation and Oviposition
Brooding
Calcium metabolism
Structure of the oviduct
How do birds mate?
Avian Renal Physiology
Renal Blood Supply and How the Kidneys Work
Diseases of the renal system, including signs of renal disease?
Renal Diseases
What is hematuria, hemoglobinuria and porphyrinuria?? What other changes in urate colour?
Primary Renal Disease
Viral causes of renal disease
Bacterial causes of renal disease
And other protozoal causes?
Helminth renal disease?
Renal tumours
Female repro system
Ovarian Stimulation
Ovarian Regression
Ovarian Tumours
Oviduct regression, cystic persistent right oviduct, hypoplasia/ segmental aplasia?
Degeneration of oviduct
Egg Drop Syndrome Presentation? Effects on flock? Causes?
EDS Transmission? Differentials? Diagnostics? Prevention?
Oviductal tumours? Prolapsed oviduct/ cloaca?
Male Repro System
Skin and eyes?
Ideally induce moulting? Damaged/broken feathers?
And other nutritional disorders?
Chemical/Toxic disorders?
Behavioral disorders with feathers?
Beak and forms??
Diagnosis of PBFD?
PBFD Physical exam? Treatment? Control?
Transmission? Clinical signs?
Diagnosis? Treatment? Control?
Polyomavirus in other Psittacines (BFDV-3)
What kinds? Transmission?
Pathogenesis? Clinical signs/ lesions?
Diagnosis? Treatment?
Bumble Foot
Favus
Cryptococcus
CLinical signs? Pathogenesis?
Diagnosis? Treatment?
Causes? Pathogenesis? Clinical signs?
Pathogenesis? Diagnosis? Treatment?
Skin tumours?
Nutrition for bones? Diseases of bones?
Fractures? Tumors of the bones?
Tumors: Osteoma, Osteosarcoma, chondroma
Splay leg? Ruptured tendon syndrome?
Nutritional myopathy? Acute myodegeneration? Deep pectoral myopathy?
Recognizing signs of illness
History taking? Examination of cage and environment?
Examination of bird?
Put it down list? Equipment?
Conditions needed at home to nurse a sick bird?
Unique anatomy and physiology of the bird?
Wing clipping
Microchip and orders?
RG eggs? Increased medullary bone density? Abnormal calcification?
Resp system RG? GIT?
Masses? Post op?
Haematology?
Liver parameters
Kidney parameters?
Parameters: Glucose? Repro? GI system? Other?
* normal urinary output consists of
- urate (white, creamy, solid portion)
- urine (clear watery portion): urine is primarily uric acid, which is the waste product of protein catabolism in birds
* Unlike mammals, urea is not produced and hence BUN levels are not significant in avian patients
* The volume of the urate is proportional to the amount of protein in the diet
- BOP and sea birds generally have more urates as a % of their renal output
Factors affecting urine output?
Chlamydophila lab tests
Mouth anatomy? Respiratory anatomy?
History resp dx? Presentation and clinical signs?
resp anatomy?
Avian Respiratory System
CLinical signs? Causes?
Acute sinusitis diagnosis?
Clinical signs? Causes? Diagnosis? Treatment? DDX?
Pathogenic mycoplasmas? Transmission? Features of disease?
Signs and lesions? Diagnosis?
Treatment and prevention?
Clinical signs? Diagnosis? Prevention and control?
Turkey Coryza
Turkey Rhinotracheitis (TRT)
Currently registered antibiotics for laying hens in Australia?
Diseases of the trachea
Infectious Bronchitis causes? Transmission?
Clinical signs infectious bronchitis?
Diagnosis? Treatment? Control of IB?
Transmission?
Clinical signs? Diagnosis? Treatment?
Control? Prevalence in Australia? ILT Strain D?
Causes?
Transmission? Factors affecting type of disease expressed?
Velogenic virus in susception fowl- Classical disease?
Mesogenic Virus in Susceptible Fowl? Lentogenic Virus in Susceptible Fowl?
NDV in other species? Australian situation ND? Diagnosis?
Control ND in Australia?
Syngamiasis?
Tracheal mites- causes? Clinical signs?
Resp Cryptosporidia?
Physical obstruction of trachea?
Brooder Pneumonia– Clinical signs? Infection in other birds? Diagnosis?
Pneumomycosis Treatment? Control? Histology? Mouldy eggs?
Air sac parasites
Diagnosis?
Human Disease
What to feed Lorikeets? Eclectus? Budgies? Macaws? Cockatoos?
Consequences of poor diets? Pellets? Water?
All seed diet?
Vegetables, Fruit, and Green food?
Grit and homemade diet?
Vit and mineral supplements? Food to avoid?
Psittacine diet? Cockatoos and larger parrots/ Lorikeets? Budgies? Finches and Canaries?
Pigeons? Fruit pigeons/ Gallinaceous birds and water fowl diets? Magpies, Ravens, Kookaburras, etc? Diets…
Natural supplements
Common avian nutritional diseases?
Obesity
Vit A deficiency
Calcium, Phosphorous, Vit D3 and Metabolic Bone disease?
vit E deficiency? Vit K deficiency? Thiamine Deficiency (B1)?
Goiter
What are the primary lymphoid tissues? Thymus?
Spleen
Harderian glands? Caecal tonsils?
Other secondary lymphoid tissues:
* Scattered lymphoid tissue
* GALT- gastrointestinal
* MALT- mucosal
* BALT- bronchiole
* CALT- conjunctival
* No LN in birds: except for water fowls (have a pair of organs that LOOK like LN)
Immunophysiology
Who to vaccinate
When to vaccinate? Vaccines available?
Injection of vaccines
Marek’s Disease aetiology? Features?
Clinical signs? Virus? Environment?
Host? Transmission? Necropsy?
Nerve lesions in Marek’s disease
Pathogenesis? Diagnosis? Confirm? DDX?
Treatment? Control?
Diseases of the Immune System
Transmission? Clinical signs?
Lesions? Causes? Factors affecting development of disease?
Pathogenesis? Diagnosis? Control? Treatment?
Myelocytomatosis
Retriculoendotheliosis
Causes? Epi? Pathogenesis?
Immunosuppression? Forms?
IBD
Diagnosis? Treatment? Control?
IBD
CIA
Upper Alimentary System?
Diseases of the Alimentary System
Trauma to beak? Mechanical damage?
Oral Cavity
Trauma/ toxins
Candida in a quail
Crop impaction? Crop fistula? Crop helminthiasis?
* Sick bird look
* Failure to excrete biliverdin via bile results in excretion via kidney resulting in green colouration of the urates- biliverdinuria.
* enlarged liver
* dyspnoea
* convulsions and/or nervous signs
* ascites- hypoproteinaemia
* Changes in feather plumage colour
* Overgrowth or abnormal growth of beak and claws
*AST, GOT (muscle and liver), LDH (shor half life, liver, kidney, muscles, bone and RBCs), GLDH (hepatocellular necrosis especially, kidney, brain), BILE ACIDS
** Increase in AST and/or LDH (while CK remains steady) and/or bile acids strongly suggests liver disease
Question 2:
* Broiler flocks- genetic selection for rapid growth rate, high efficiency feed conversion and large well muscled birds– provision of high density feeds– Right ventricular failure- high oxygen demand of the rapidly growing broiler chicken
**Multifocal, diffuse, miliary abscessation
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (survives well in the environment)
Definitive diagnosis: isolation and identification of the organism
Treatment: penicillin– and bacterin vaccine
Enlarged liver with diffuse, discrete nodules
Histopathology- lymphomatous infiltrations in peripheral nerves and/or viscera (can confirm via immunohistochemistry - T cells or PCR)
Marek’s disease
Treatment: untreatable, should be culled, some birds with transient paralysis may recover
* Cranial Trauma
* DDX: congestion of vessels in pneumatic spaces of cranial bones– normal post mortem finding– or infarction (artherosclerosis, yolk embolism, intravascular thrombosis in Enterococcus spp., idiopathic- budgies)
* E. coli (Mycoplasma, Salmonella)
* close contact with sick or dead birds– can be spread via water sources
* Properly cooked food over 70C for 30 minutes will kill the virus, good hygiene and hand washing and cleaning of surfaces will remove the virus
* Do not eat any foods that contain raw eggs and if you are cooking, wash the outsides of the shells
* AI does not spread from human to human at this time
(virus is found in faeces and respiratory secretions of birds)
* little penguin- fish, squid, krill, thiamine supplementation
* Peregrine falcon- meat, dog food, thiamine supplementation
* rainbow lorikeet- nectar, pollen, soft bodied insects, commercial lorikeet mixes wet and dry, add fruit, green food, small amount of seed
* Canary- mixed small seeds, seeding grasses and green food, grits and mineral supplements, live insects e.g. mealworms, maggots, synthetic high protein supplements
Question 2:
* Single leg paralysis
* Sciatic nerve paralysis secondary to a renal tumour
* physical exam, other clinical signs (PU/PD), is there muscle tone, swelling, any heat
* Broiler: More likely to suffer from fatty liver and kidney disease, more likely to suffer from acute heart failure
* Layer: Increased need for calcium 4%, more likely to suffer from E. coli salpingitis
* Right
* Dyschondroplasia
* Causes: rapid growth, Calcium/ phosphorous ratios in feed, previous rickets, acid/base imbalance, mycotoxicosis
* Sexing (vent sexing), vaccinations, beak trimming
Diagnosis by demonstration of yeast or pseudohyphal smears/ scrapings of lesions or by histopathological examination of lesions
Normal inhabitant of the upper GIT- Candida albicans, secondary to other crop dysfunction, stasis, impaction, etc and/or other disease. Hygiene feeders and drinkers or temperature of food too high or low, regular periods between feed, not too much volume.
* Pullorum disease (Salmonella pullorum), Fowl Typhoid (Salmonella gallinarum), Paratyphoid (both pullorum and gallinarum), Infectious Laryngotracheitis (Herpes)
* PBFD
* Diagnosis: histopath inclusion bodies in feather follicle epithelium and/or pulp cavity of affecting feathers– blood feathers
* Supportive therapy including protection from cold weather, sunburn and skin trauma– do not introduce new birds… virus is very resistant in the environment
* Ostrich incubation period 42 days (chicken 21 days)
* Ostrich industry products leather, meat, feather goods
Primary lymphoid tissue: thymus, cloacal bursa (bursa fabrecus)
* Located: thymus- along the neck associated with jugular vein
- bursa fabrecus- located near the cloaca
* Bursa of fabrecus and chickens– Lymphoid leucosis, infectious bursal disease (IBD)
* Thymus and chickens– Reticuloendetheliosis (retrovirus), Marek’s disease
(Mycotoxicosis)
* Thymus and psittacine- PBFD
* Bursal and psittacine- Megabacteriosis- Macrorhabdus ornithogaster (Polyomavirus)
*Birds have thin skin- 10 cells thick- primary v. secondary healing needs to be considered. Pedicle grafts from the neck may be necessary, care with these grafts to ensure the feathers grow in the right direction. E-collar
* IBH- 2-6 week old, adenovirus– reduced immunological competence due to IBD or VIA. (swollen liver, multiple pale and/or haemorrhagic foci– associated with inclusion bodies)
* histopath- inclusion bodies
Prevention of disease is by vaccination of parents with a live (Australia) orkilled (other countries) vaccine in order to provide maternal antibodies for broilersduring susceptible (young) age. Note, minimal cross protection may exist betweensome of the twelve FAdVs. Control of IBD, CIA and/or other predisposing factors is recommended
* praecocial examples- relatively mature and mobile from the moment of birth or hatching. Chicken, ducks and geese
* altricial examples- requiring Mom to feed them- herons, hawks, woodpeckers, owls, passerines
Dermanyssus gallinae
* Control- survive a long time in the environment and may have to burn the shed
* Yes, can bite and irritate humans
(Ornithonyssus (fowl mite) anal plate shaped :)– both suck blood cause anaemia, irritation, transmit Borrelia and haematozoa such a Lankesterella)
* Treatment: pyrethroids for commercial, ivermectin for aviary birds
* Chlamydiosis: conjunctivitis, rhinitis/ sinusitis, SBL, sudden death without previous signs, progressive weight loss
(enlarged spleen, fibrinous air sac inflammation- serositis- epicardium peritoneum heptatitis)
* Diagnosis: PCR from conjunctival swabs– immunofluorescence test detects antigen
* Flu like symptoms– need to seek treatment– occasionally severe and prolonged course
* Treatment: Tetracycline– birds will still shed upon recovery
** Salmonellosis- Caseous cores in the caecal lumen, neonatal birds
* Diagnosis: Isolation of organism from affected tissues, also rapid whole blood agglutination test to detect antibodies in carrier hens, carrier birds should be culled. NOTIFIABLE.
* Regular monitoring of flocks by faecal/ litter drag swabs for cultural detection of the organism, fumigation, probiotics to establish normal gut flora, pellet feed as less likely to be contaminated by Salmonella, exclude rodents, wild birds and other carriers, vaccination for some strains e.g. S. typhimurium
* arthritis causes: Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Salmonellosis, Staphylococcus, Mycobacterium avium, Gout- uric acid accumulation in chronic renal failure, Reovirus, Pasteurella multocida haematogenous
* Diagnosis: gram and giemsa stains, conventional culture (not Mycoplasma), PCR for Reovirus and Mycoplasma
* Juvenile bantam- dyspnea, gasping and coughing– Newcastle Disease– exotic disease avirulent inf exists– evolution to virulent strains.
(Unopened bird and DVO notified)
* Straight to DEPI– can’t use PCR– serology for monitoring the vaccination. DDX ILT and AI (avian influenza)
*CULL
Histomoniasis
* Main differences: Right AV valve is a muscular sheet attached to the lateral wall of the ventricle with the free edge sealing to the interventricular septum to form the valve (Mitral valve conventional)
* Microchips into the left pectoral muscle
** Swollen cheeks– sinusitis– gram negative coccobaccilli– impression smear of affected tissues and blood– culture. Chronic form less likely to detect in stained preps.
Treatment… carrier birds, all in all out– P. multocida vaccines. Antibiotics C&S
* Pendulous crop- impaction, Candidiasis overgrowth usually secondary to other crop dysfunction, stasis, impaction, etc. Sometimes secondary to antimicrobials. Too high or too low temperature feeding. Or crop fistula. Crop helminthiasis- Capillaria.
Diagnosis: Smear/ scraping. Or histopath.
* Lymphoid Leucosis
* Marek’s Disease may cause similar signs, heavy metal poisoning (less likely in this scenario), Argas persicus (ascending paralysis), OSTEOPOROSIS, Newcastle disease- nervous and immune (exotic to AUS), Egg drop syndrome (AI, NDV, IBV, EDS viruses, Arboviruses, infectious avian encephalomyelitis, heat stress, acute toxicities e.g. sulphonamides)
Histomoniasis- Turkeys
* mild diarrhoea and weight loss in a pigeon
* Source of these eggs: Capillaria- earth worms. Ascarids- round worms- from environment most likely.
* Which of two is responsible for signs: either, but most likely Capillaria.
* Treatment: Levamisole for both
* Preventive measures: Hygiene, levamisole tx regularly, moisture control, litter management, wire/slat floors
Broiler vaccines: IB, ND, Fowl pox, Marek’s Disease
* Septicaemia- E. coli or Salmonella or Mycoplasma– attempt to culture, gram stain definitely (acid fast for Mycoplasma)
* Free range chicken health problems: Avian tuberculosis– env inhabitant excreted in faeces and cannibalism, avian influenza, Newcastle disease, ILT, Histomoniasis, Helminths, Coccidiosis, Salmonella and Campylobacter– biosecurity risks: wild birds, rodents, wild animals
* Lead poisoning: waterfowl - lead shot from hunters trapped in gizzard; parrots- wire, jewellry, sinker, paint, lubricants accumulates in gizzard
Dull expression, uncoordinatement movements, twitching
Egg peritonitis, cystic right oviduct
* Differentiation of exudates from transudates
Polyomavirus- abdominal distension– other signs and symptoms– acute haemorrhage
* Features of the avian renal system: 3 lobed kidneys x 2, Ureter empties into the cloaca. Close association with the plexus (origin) of the sciatic nerve which means a lesion in the kidney can cause paresis of leg on the same side, close association with air sacs therefore disease can spread, blood supply via 3 renal arteries plus the renal portal vein– IM injection into the leg can go straight to the kidney
* Polyuria causes- stress, nephrosis caused by heavy metal poisoning, diabetes… Only if the faecal portion of the dropping is no longer formed it should be called diarrhoea
* All seed diet for cage birds- unbalanced, vitamin deficiencies especially if old seed, high risk for fatty liver disease, etc. Pellets, fruits and veggies
* Renal adenocarcinoma in budgerigars– paresis/ paralysis (MD or Leucosis sarcoma virus or primary tumours)– middle aged to old budgies 304 yo
* off lay– cold weather in June– Seasonal regression of ovary– normal– Calcium deficiency, Egg drop syndrome, Balanced nutrition, Broodiness, stress, mites and lice
* Intestinal ascariasis in parrots- Levamisole
* Trichomoniasis in pigeons- Dimetridazole
* MD: 3-5 mo, viscera and nerve lesions, etc.
* LL: 5-9 mo, no paresis or paralysis, no eye or skin or muscle lesions– tumours (B cells)
**Chronic sinusitis cockatiel treatment: surgical debridement plus AMs C&S
* Budgie is 5 years old in 2004
* Most characteristic of CIA: Pale aplastic bone marrow
– most consistent lesion: Premature atrophy of the thymus
Hct less than 27% confirmed by detection of CAV antigen using immunofluoresence… or PCR
* ND: contact DEPI
* Scaly face in budgies: Ivermectin (1 drop from sheep drench back of neck)– witholding period backyard poultry
* Ca: P ratio 2:1… commercial layers may require 4% Ca, so 2% P. Balanced diet.
*Yersiniosis because common in cage and aviary birds- canaries, finshes, budgies, parrots… high stocking rate, climatic stress. Confirm: small gram negative rods impression smear.
* Chlamydiosis: conjunctivitis, rhinitis/sinusitis… conjunctival swab PCR or blood. Reportable disease. May have to euthanize, may still shed bacteria in faeces but tetracyclines (doxy)
* new cat– stress– or medical– PBFD or Chlamydiosis, mites and lice, malnutrition, Polyomavirus– supportive– quarantine… stress? SSRIs, improve environment, night cage, more stimulation, improve diet, social??
* Budgies- diarrhoea and mortalities: faecal smear and FEC, post mortem
*Eradication, quarantine, vaccination– high level of management, minimize stress- strategic medication at times of stress
* Chondrodystrophy: abnomral growth of cartilage on one side of the physis– angulation of bone/limb– Deficiencies of manganese, choline, niacin, folic acid, infection with Mycoplasma meleagridis.
* Bleeding quills- can be pulled out with pressure. 6 weeks new quill.
* Iso- good rapid induction and recovery, excreted by the resp system. (Sevo higher safety) Left pectoral
* Clinical signs and physical exam findings: May be visible through body wall, green urates (biliverdinuria), dyspnoea, ascites, convulsions or neuro signs, changes in feather and plumage colour, overgrowth or abnormal growth of beak and claws
* Hepatomegaly in a psittacine: Protozoa, Fatty liver, Pachecho’s disease
* Repro system, Respiratory system, Renal system
* Marek’s Disease, genetic selection (vaccination and hygiene)
* Bumble foot- debridement and antimicrobials
* Thiamine deficiency; thimaine supplementation in water/diet
* Tx tick fever- penicillin, control- vaccination birds introduced into endemic areas; Yersiniosis- amoxicillin, control- lower stocking rate, culling carriers
* Knemidocoptes- ivermectin or moxidectin- one drop of low concentration sheep drench, withholding period for chickens
* Budgies- young- throwing up: Trichomoniasis- Dimetridazole- confirm via smear, Polyomavirus (Fledgling disease)– regurg due to Megabacteriosis (Macrorhabdus ornithogaster) concurrent with Polyomavirus- Amphotericin B– faecal gram stain contains large gram positive organism resembling bacteria– Polyomavirus histo post mortem: liver, spleen, kidney
* Ascariasis- Levamisole
* Cestodiasis- Praziquantel
* Infectious bronchitis, Newcastle Disease Virus
* Coccidiosis budgies, 2 control factors: Eimeria- severe haemorrhagic enteritis, oocysts in faeces or post mortem mucosal smear, Tx: TMS, control- Most outbreaks associated with excessive moisture, need to improve hygiene. Control program would be aimed at total prevention.
* Caseous like debris in sinuses due to– Pasteurella multocida, E. coli, Infectious bronchitis- Coronavirus (ILT, Infectious Coryza), vitamin A deficiency
Control Programs of Coccidia
* Canary pox, move inside, vaccination (DDX: trichomoniasis and oral helminthiasis)
* budgie- tumour of the kidney- Renal carcinoma or adenocarcinoma- the contralateral foot will develop corns– Raiology!!!!
* Paratyphoid– PH risk– AM tx encourages carrier state
* Myeloidcytomatosis– lymphoid leucosis (retrovirus)– big liver disease–tumours in the spleen or liver or bursa of fabricius (the origin of the cells!)
* green urates, enlarged liver, ascites, overgrowth of beak and claws, changes in plummage and feather color– Biochemistry– Bile acids, LDS, AST mainly– Radiology
* Budgies- dead fledglings- regurg
Polyomavirus + Megabacteriosis (yeast)– histo of post mortem
Amphotericin B
Histo of liver, spleen, kidney post mortem
No treatment of polyomavirus– closed aviary with no introductions
* Eimeria- Hygiene, clear out moisture, controlled exposure with vaccination possibly– strain specific
* Yersiniosis (or Salmonella) likely the rodents brought in. Quaratine introductions. Improve aviary construction. Placement of feeders/ storage of seed to prevent contamination.
* New aviary, high mortality of parrots. Post mortem. Sudden death DDX: Erysipelas, (Duck Plague), Polyomavirus, Chlamydiosis!!!! Heavy metal toxicities, Ascariasis
Chlamydiosis– conjunctival swab antigen assay– PCR from swab
* Reportable. Treatment tetracyclines but must discuss that can promote carrier state.
* Exclusion of carrier birds– feral/wild– closed aviary– quarantine introductions at the least– minimize stress.
* Dead 8 week old turkeys- Lymphoproliferative disease 7- 18 weeks old– retrovirus, Turkey Haemorrhagic Enteritis- growing birds- adenovirus, anaemic carcass, dilated intestines, quarantine/hygiene, vaccination, Infectious Bursal disease- RNA virus- survives well in the environment- can kill or be chronic-all in all out management, Histomoniasis if mixed with chickens more suspicion, Dimetridazole– no access to earthworms and keep susceptible species away from chickens
PBFD- survives well in the environment (Circovirus)
* feature loss at about 8- 18 months– abnormal feathers which are short and stumpy. Dirty skin due to loss of power down. Beak is often deformed– beak rot– stomatitis.
* DIagnosis- histopath feather follicle epithelium and/or pulp cavity
* Treatment- supportive protect from weather and secondary infections
* Control– possible vaccine– but keep bird from being exposed– so if they have to get a new bird clean that cage out with appropriate chemicals.
* young pigeons with oral lesions– scraping oral lesions or crop wash– wet smear. DDX pigeon: pigeon pox, virus stomatitis/pharyngitis, vitamin A deficiency (If Trichomoniasis then Dimetridazole)
* Yersiniosis control- keep out wild rodents and proper management, do not overstock, cull carriers; Histomoniasis control in turkeys– carrier birds– housed with domestic fowl with access to contaminated ground or earthworms– concrete floors or wire floors– antihistomonal chemicals in feed
* Swollen faces- acute sinusitis– Mycoplasmosis, Pasteurellosis, Fowl Coryza (Avibacterium paragallinorum) – antibiotics– may have to debride if becomes chronic. Quarantine in the future. Possible new stock is a carrier bird…and now his stock. Can confirm Mycoplasma only with special labs. There is a vaccine if it is Mycoplasma BUT WITHDRAWAL PERIOD. I would do all in all out even though backyard.
* Paralysis waterfowl– possible heavy metal toxicity– trapped in gizzard and absorbed e.g. lead shot. Diagnosis by radiology. Tx: remove source if you find a bunch of shot.Ca EDTA or other chelation therapy if household bird.
Avian tuberculosis- Mycobacterium avium- env inhabitant or cannibalism. Free range, domestic fowl, etc. Protein losing enteropathy = emaciation, ulcers, etc. Birds older than 12 months
Diagnosis- lesions at post mortem, acid fast organisms.
Control: Separate from source of infection– outside run etc. Carrier bird as source of aviary infection– need for quarantine examination for carrier status. Acid fast stain of faeces, tuberculin test. Domestic fowl- maintain flock no more than 1-2 years old.
* atrophied pectoral muscles, dirty perineal areas, enlarged spleen, cloudiness of the pericardium in King parrots
- E. coli, Salmonella, Chlamydophila pericarditis
- Diagnosis: Marek’s disease
Confirmation: histo affected viscera
Recommendation: Cull affected birds, hygiene
Treatment: vaccination
* AI: DEPI- DVO
*Reduced eggshell quality in laying chickens: IB, NDV, Ca def, heat stress, infectious avian encephalomyelitis, acute toxicity: sulphonamides
* Primary lymphoid tissues: Bursa of Fabrecus and Thymus—
Role in immunity
* Thymus- CMI- T lymphocytes to secondary lymphoid tissues
* Cloacal bursa- humoral immunity
Development through life of the bird
* Thymus- premature attrophy immunodeficiency… increases in size as chickens grow until sexual maturity–> atrophies over time and is absent in adults (near jubular vein in neck)
* Cloacal bursa–required fro full development of full humoral immune competence that may not be complete until 5-6 months of age in domestic fowl– seeds secondary tissues
29 day old broilers, non uniform, pale, thymic atrophy
CIA
CIA
10% dehydration
50% of this deficit is replaced in the first 24 hours and the remainder over the following 2 days
Routes for fluids
Put it down list
Presence of undigested food or absence of faecal component?
Egg binding treatment
MEGABACTERIOSIS
Gallinacious bird- trichomonas (rare), pox, ILT
DDX vomiting and true diarrhoea
DDX abdominal swelling
DDX Paralysis
DDX
DDX feather disorders
DDX skin swelling and oral lesions
