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Assessment > Postural & Gait Assessment + Slide info > Flashcards

Postural & Gait Assessment + Slide info Flashcards

1
Q

How does a weight bearing joint Maintain its stability?

A

It will maintain stability by ether having body mass fall exactly through the rotational axis of the joint OR by maintaining a muscular or structural counter force to the gravity.

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2
Q

What are the causes for postural pain?

A

Bad posture puts stress on joint capsules and Ligaments and stretched nerve fibres within muscles.

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3
Q

What are other reasons that body tissues would shorten / compensate for other parts of the body besides faulty posture?

A

This can include:

Trauma, Surgery or prolonged inactivity, such as bed rest.

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4
Q

What is the definition of a Postural Dysfunction?

A

Combined tissue stretching and Compensatory tissue shortening are called Postural Dysfunction.
Often this contributes to secondary painful conditions.
For ex:
Hyperkyphosis can contribute to Adhesive captious.

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5
Q

What are Postural Assessment strategies?

A

…

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6
Q

What is Gait Analysis?

A

It is the method used to Assess the way we walk or run and to highlight any Abnormalities.

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7
Q

What is Double Support?

A

This is when both feet are in contact with the ground.

Between heel off of one limb and between heel strike and foot flat of the contralateral limb.

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8
Q

What is the portion of the Gait cycle that is worth 10% of the whole cycle?

A

Double Support.

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9
Q

What is Non-Support?

A

Neither foot is in contact with the ground.

Does not occur with walking but with running.

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10
Q

What is Single Support?

A

This is when there is only one foot in contact with the ground.
About 40% of the Gait cycle.
Period of Double support and Single support.

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11
Q

What is Cadence?

A

This the Number of steps a min (walking Speed).

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12
Q

What is Step Length?

A

The distance between heel strike of one limb and heel strike of the other limb.
About (15 inch)

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13
Q

What is the Width of walking base?

A

This is the line between successive midpoints of heel contact.

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14
Q

What is Vertical Displacement?

A

2” wave like displacement when walking.
Highest at midstance.
Lowest at heel strike.

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15
Q

What is Horizontal Displacement?

A

Side to side shift in weight.

Greatest at single support and midstance.

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16
Q

What is Lateral pelvic tilt?

A

When weight is taken off opposite the limb there is a dip.
Hip adductors on opposite side and erector spinae on the same side keep pelvis basically level.
Allows for figure 8 motion.

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17
Q

What are the types of altered gaits?

A 
Spastic Hemipresis
Cerebellar Ataxia 
Parkinsonian 
Scissors 
Waddling 
Short leg
Steppage or foot drop
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18
Q

What are the characteristics for a Spastic Hemipresis Gait?

A

Arm flexed against body.
Shoulder adducted.
Leg stiff.
Leg extends and Circumducts with each step.
Swings leg to clear the ground and flexion at the wrist helps keep balance.

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19
Q

What is Spastic Hemipresis caused by?

A

Stroke or palsy.

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20
Q

What are the Characteristics for Cerebellar Ataxia?

A

Staggering with a wide base of support.
Ataxia = Defective muscle cordenation.
All movements are exaggerated.
poor balance and sensation.

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21
Q

What are the characteristics for Parkisonian?

A

Body forward, Shuffling steps, hesitant to start walking, Difficulty with sudden stopping, Ridgid body.

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22
Q

What are the characteristics for someone with a Scissor gait?

A

Knees cross over or are in contact.
Short steps and lots of effort.
Spastic paralysis of hip adductors, Swing out bottom of legs ti clear floor.

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23
Q

What are the characteristics for a client that has a gait resembling Steppage or foot dropping?

A

They would have a slapping quality.
Weak or paralyzed dorsi flexors.
More flexion of hip and knee to get legs up.
Possible nerve damage.

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24
Q

What are the characteristics of a client that has a Waddling Gait?

A

Weak hip muscles.
Opposite hip drops causing lateral movement of the pelvis.
Glute med is an adductor and medial rotator.
Weak muscle fibers and lurching gait.
pelvis drops to good side when walking.
ALSO referred to as “Trendleenburg gait”.

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25
Q

What is another name for Trendlenburg Gait?

A

This is also referred to as a Waddling gait.

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26
Q

What are the characteristics for a client with a short leg gait?

A

There is a length difference.
Short side dips as person walks.
Lift leg to clear the floor.
Tip toe on the other foot.

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27
Q

What is the Stance phase of a Gait cycle?

A

Begins with the heel strike of one foot and ends when that foot leaves the ground.
It amounts for about 60% of the gait cycle.

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28
Q

What is the definition of ROM?

A

This is the measurement of the movement around a specific joint or part of the body.

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29
Q

What are the types of ROM?

A

Passive
Active resisted
Active free

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30
Q

What is Passive ROM?

A

The therapist is the one moving the joint through the ROM.
No active movement is coming from the client.
It is used to see if the client has muscular issues, or if the reduced ROM is related to potential joint dysfunction.

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31
Q

What typo of ROM may the client try to help the MT?

A

Passive ROM.

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32
Q

What is Overpressure?

A

Pressure applied at the end of a passive ROM, Used to assess the specific structures that is limiting movement, muscle length is assessed at the end range.

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33
Q

What is Normal and Abnormal End feel?

A

Abnormal End feel:
When a range of a joint is lever or greater than normal, painful or stopped by a structure other than normal anatomy.

Normal End feel:
Exist when the joint has full ROM and range is stopped by anatomy of a joint.

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34
Q

What is End feel?

A

This is tissue resistance at the End ROM of a joint.

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35
Q

What are examples of Normal End feels of a joint?

A

Soft tissue Approximation
Muscular / Tissue stretch
Capsular Stretch / Leathery
Bony

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36
Q

What are examples of Abnormal end feel of a Joint?

A 
Empty 
Muscular Spasm 
Boggy / Soft 
Springy block / Internal derangement 
Capsular stretch / Leathery 
Bony
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37
Q

For a normal end feel what is a Soft tissue approximation?

A

Full ROM is restricted by Normal muscle bulk
Soft compression
Painless

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38
Q

For a normal End feel what is a Muscular / Tissue stretch?

A

Extreme muscle stretch
increased tension, Springiness or elasticity
Assess muscle length
most common type of end feel

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39
Q

What is the most common type of end feel?

A

Muscular / Tissue stretch?

40
Q

For a normal end feel what is a Capsular stretch / leathery feel?

A

When the joint capsule is stretched at the end of a normal ROM.
Feels like stretching a piece of leather.

41
Q

For a normal end feel what is a Bony end feel?

A

Occurs when bone contacts bone at the end of a normal range.
Abrupt and hard
Ex: Extension of the Elbow

42
Q

For a Abnormal End feel what would a Empty end feel mean?

A

No physical restriction to movement

43
Q

For a Abnormal end feel what would a Muscle Spasm mean?

A

Passive movement stops abruptly and springy rebound and pain are the result of a muscle spasm.
This would indicate a possible synovial inflammation.

44
Q

What would a Muscle Spasm at the end feel indicate?

A

This would be a Abnormal End feel and might indicate Synovial Inflammation.

45
Q

For a Abnormal End feel what would a Boggy / Soft end feel indicate?

A

This would indicate Joint Effusion or Edema.

Has a mushy soft Quality.

46
Q

For a Abnormal End feel with Springy block / internal Derangement what are the characteristics?

A

Springy or rebound sensation is non-capsular pattern.

Indicates loose cartilage, Meniscal injury.

47
Q

For a abnormal End feel that has a Leathery / Capsular stretch what would this indicate?

A

This occurs before normal ROM.

Indicates Capsular fibrosis if restriction is felt with no inflammation.

48
Q

For a abnormal end feel what does it mean for it to be Bony feeling?

A

Occurs before normal ROM = Bony changes.

Osteophytes present With DDD or malunion of a joint after a Fracture.

49
Q

What is Active Resisted testing of ROM?

A

Used to assess muscle strength.

50
Q

What are the Muscle Grades?

A

0 - 5

51
Q

When do you use Muscle grading?

A

During Active resisted testing.

52
Q

What are the types of muscle contraction when using Active resisted?

A

Painful or Weak contractions.

53
Q

What is a Painful contraction?

A

This is when there is an injury to a muscle or tendon.

54
Q

What is a Weak contraction?

A

Lack of strength, partial rupture of a muscle or tendon, PNS injury.

55
Q

What is a Grade 0 in muscle grade?

A

No responce …

56
Q

What is a grade 1 in muscle grade?

A

…

57
Q

What is a grade 2 in muscle grade?

A

…

58
Q

What is a grade 3 in muscle grade?

A

…

59
Q

What is a grade 4 in muscle grade?

A

…

60
Q

What is a grade 5 in muscle grade?

A

…

61
Q

What are the general Principles of ROM?

A

Anatomical position is the starting position for all measurements (Except rotation at the shoulder or hip)
…

62
Q

What is the ROM of the Shoulder?

A 
Abduction: 180*
Adduction: 50* - 75*
Flexion: 160* - 180*
Extension: 50* - 60*
Internal Rot: 60* - 100*
External Rot: 80* - 90*
63
Q

What is the ROM of the Elbow?

A

Flexion: 140* - 150*
Extension: 0* - 10*
Supination: 90*
Pronation: 90*

64
Q

What is the ROM of the Wrist?

A

Flexion: 80*
Extension: 70*
Ulnar Deviation / Adduction: 30*
Radial Deviation Abduction: 20*

65
Q

What is the ROM of the C-Spine?

A

Flexion: 45* - 50*
Extension: 85*
Lateral Flexion: 40*
Rotation: 90*

66
Q

What is the ROM of the T-Spine?

A

Forward Flexion: 20* - 54*
Extension: 25* - 45*
Side Flexion: 20* - 40*
Rotation: 35* - 50*

67
Q

What is the ROM of the Hip?

A 
Flexion: 110* - 120*
Extension: 10* - 15*
Abduction: 30* - 50*
Adduction: 30*
Lateral Rotation: 40* - 60* 
Medial Rotation: 30* - 40*
68
Q

What is the ROM of the Knee?

A

Flexion: 0 - 135*
Extension: 0 - 15*
Medial rotation: 20* - 30*
Lateral rotation: 30* - 40*

69
Q

What is the ROM of the leg, Ankle and Foot?

A

Planter Flexion: 50*
Dorsiflexion: 20*
Insertion: 45* - 60*
Eversion: 15* - 30*

70
Q

What is Respiration Rate?

A

This is the total number of breaths a person takes a min.
It may indicate fever, illness, or other medical conditions.
Normal Respiration rate is 12 - 16 breathes per min.

71
Q

What is Deep tendon Reflex?

A

Tested to asses the function of the nerve or nerve roots supplying the reflex.

72
Q

What is a CNS lesion?

A

Reflex is Exaggerated and usually bilateral.

73
Q

What is a PNS lesion?

A

Reflex is weak or absent and usually unilateral.

74
Q

What are the types of Headaches clients may present with?

A

Tension
Migrane
Cluster
Temporal Arteritis

75
Q

What are the Causes for a Tension Headache?

A

Hypertonicity or mm Spasms
Irritation or Injury
Adhesions
Trigger points

76
Q

What are the Causes for a Migraine?

A

Unclear Reason

77
Q

What are the Causes for a Cluster Headache?

A

Idiopathic

Overwork or stress

78
Q

What are the causes for a Temporal Arteritis Headache?

A

…

79
Q

What is the type of pain for a Tension headache?

A

Constant
Dull achy
Diffuse

80
Q

What is the type of pain for a Migraine?

A

Intense

Throbbing

81
Q

What is the type of pain for a Cluster Headache?

A

intense
throbbing
burning
piercing

82
Q

What is the type of pain present with a Temporal Arteritis headache?

A

Severe.

83
Q

Where is the pain for a Tension headache located?

A

Temporal region
Forehead
Jaw
SO region

84
Q

Where is the pain for a Cluster headache located?

A

Behind the nostrils / eyes

85
Q

Where is the pain for a Temporal Arteritis Headache located?

A

Unilateral
face
Superficial temporal artery

86
Q

Where is the pain for a Migraine located?

A

Unilateral
Lateral Aspect of the head
Behind the eye

87
Q

What is the time of a tension headache?

A

Begins around late afternoon or evening

88
Q

What is the Time of a Cluster Headache?

A

Middle of the Night

89
Q

What is the Onset & Duration of a Tension headache?

A

Gradual

Can last hours or Days

90
Q

What is the Onset & Duration of a Migraine?

A

Gradual or outburst

Can last hours to days

91
Q

What is the Onset & Duration of a Cluster Headache?

A

Abrupt
10 - 75 mins
2 - 3 times a day
over a period of 5 - 6 weeks

92
Q

What is the Onset & Duration of a Temporal Arteritis Headache?

A

Gradual

can last days, weeks or months

93
Q

What are important symptoms of a tension headache?

A

…

94
Q

What are important Symptoms of a Migraine?

A

…

95
Q

What are important Symptoms of a Cluster headache?

A

….

96
Q

What are important symptoms of a Temporal Arteritis headache?

A

…

Assessment (16 decks)

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