Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Motor Control and Learning > Postural Control > Flashcards

Postural Control Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two goals of orientation and stability

A
  • Postural Orientation
  • Postural Stability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Postural Orientation

A

– Ability to maintain appropriate relationship between gravity, body and environment for a specific task
– Need a reference frame: Verticality, Orientation to the task
– Ex: Standing, automobile cart while lying down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Postural Orientation relies on what?

A

Vision
Somatosensory
Vestibular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

PO- Vision Function

A

Peripheral & foveal (central) visual information
Position and motion of the head (optic flow) relative to environment
Frame of reference for verticality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is optic flow?

A

how light passes over the retina
(helps with orientation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

____ vision is the most imporatn with position and flow of environment

A

peripheral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

PO - Visual Limitations

A
  • Not always accurate for orientation (brain may misinterpret)
  • Difficulty with exocentric (object motion) vs egocentric (self motion) motion
  • Ex: Two vehicles on the side of you drive forward at the same time, you feel like you are going backward when in reality you are in the same place.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

PO - Somatosensory Function

A
  • Position and motion information relative to supporting surface (Ex: floor, chair, especially horizontal; lean to left you feel more pressure on the left so it orients you)
  • Relationship body segments to one another.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

PO - Somatosensory Limitations

A
  • With moving surfaces or non horizontal it is less useful for orientation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

PO - Vestibular Function

A
  • Postiion and movement of head with respect to gravity/inertial forces
  • Provides a gravito-inertial frame of reference
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

PO - Vestibular Limitation

A
  • Alone cannot tell a true picture; easily tricked. Requires additional sensory system.
  • Tilting head forward and having head in same position from hinging hips could relay the same information from the vestibular system.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Postural Stability

A
  • Defined as the ability to control COM relative to BOS
  • Body relies on synergies to keep us upright. Brain tells self where to put CoM to keep stable so the muscle adjust to get that.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Need to consider what 3 things for postural stability?

A
  • COM position
  • COM velocity
  • BOS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe this photo

A
  • COM is from midfoot to toe
  • How fast we move and how far will change our COM
  • Stability limits are not a fixed entitiy.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 7 Factors that contribute to stability?

A
  • Alignment
  • Muscle Tone
  • Postural Tone
  • Anterior-Posterior
  • Medial-Lateral
  • Multidirectional
  • Stepping
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Alignment - Stability

A
  • Line of Center of Gravity is anterior in the upper body
  • COM leads slightly anterior; If you went unconcious would lead to falling forward
  • Gastroc/Soleus control the body to remain stable to not fall forward

Example: Bad Postural Alignment - Old lady hunched over, places her near the edge of her BoS. IF she gets slightly nudged will go over the BoS and may fall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Muscle Tone - Stability

A
  • Need inherent regidity to keep us upright
  • Free Ca2+ allow for myosin and actin to work
  • Stretch Reflex (Spinal Cord): Standing swaying forward puts tension on gastroc and soleus, reflex kicks in activating those muscles to pull you back to be more stable
18
Q

Postural Tone - Stability

A
  • Activity in antigraviry muscles counteract gravity
  • Muscles tonically (always firing) active during quiet stance
  • Uses synergies to control muscles to keep you upright (Ex: Glute, quadriceps, gastroc/soleus lead to extension)
  • Requires sensory input;
    – Cutaneous input: Pressure on the bottom of the feet leads to extensor tone
    – Somatosensory: Tonic Neck Reflexes
    – Vestibular: Head orientation
19
Q

Tonic Neck Reflex

A

Input from neck and vestibular goes into brain stem and creates certain muscle activation patterns.

20
Q

Head Orientation

A
  • Tells you where you are in space
  • Vertical or Horizontal
21
Q

How do people response to balance challenges?

A
  • Ankle Strategy (Syngery)
  • Hip Strategy (Synergy)
  • ML Hip Strategy (Synergy)
  • Multidirectional
  • Stepping
22
Q

Ankle Strategy

A
  • Distal to proximal muscle activation
  • Low velocity, small pertibations and firm surfaces
23
Q

Hip Strategy

A
  • Larger, faster pertibations, compliant surfaces and small BOS
24
Q

What type of populations are more likely to use a hip strategy and why?

A
  • Older Adults; Lose ankle mobility which leads them to transition away from ankle into hip strategies; Higher fall risk
  • Hx of Ankle Sprain; Lose ankle mobility and leads to hip strategies
25
Q

ML Hip Strategy

A
  • Primarily lateral movement of the pelvis
  • Synergistic activation in ML sway (hip ABDuctors: Glute Med and TFL; Hip ADDuctors)
  • Proximal to distal (head to hip to ankle)

Note: Gluteus medius weakness is a common finding and plays a large role in balance

26
Q

Multidirectional

A
  • More complex stratergy synergies than AP or ML but is a blend of both of them
  • Important to work with patients in multiple directions
27
Q

Stepping

A
  • All strategies failed and COM has gone outside of BOS or COM moved too fast
28
Q

How do we provide interventions to help promote the strategies we want for balance?

A
  • Give repeated exposure
  • Provide different environments
  • Remove one of the senses forcing them to recruit others.
  • Promote A-P postural sway strategies

Inability to constantly refine and optimize sensory information will result in loss of ability

29
Q

More sway =

A

Less control

30
Q

Of somatosensory, vestibular and vision, what do older adults, children and early learning/initial recovery all rely on?

Quiet Stance

A
  • Vision! Loss/decrease in vision leads to more sway
  • They may struggle with the ability to swtich between sensory mechanisms
31
Q

How is does an abscense of somatosensory affect quiet stance?

A

In the absense of stance results in more sway. Alterations in the feet, eye muscle, SCM, tib ant, etc effected.

32
Q

Is the vestibular system retrainable if lost?

A

Significant loss will be extremely difficult to recover from. Need to switch and need to amplify other senses.

33
Q

What is “reweighting” senses?

A

All for the heightening of some as one as been damaged.
Adults are able to reweight quicker than kids and older adults as they are not as vision dominant

34
Q

During a pertibation, what is the primary sense used and why? What pt populations are affected?

A
  • Somatosensory for horizontal! Vestibular for surface rotations (Ex: Wave on a boat)
  • It is the fastest
  • Diabetes Mellitus, ligaments injuries and ankle sprains
35
Q

What is a sensory orientation test like?

A

Six different conditions that mess with different sensory conditions.

36
Q

What is feedforward control - Posture

Anticipatory Postural Control

A

Feedforward control – postural muscle activity before a planned movement begins; body learns and knows hwo to change CoM to keep yourself balanced.

Two phases:
* Preparatory Phase (pre-planned burst of activity)
* Compensatory Phase (refining based on feedback)

37
Q

How do we restore anticipatory postural control after an injury?

A
  • PRACTICE
  • Facilitate fast movements, heavier loads, arm raises, pushing and pulling for LE anticapatory reactions (Use a metronome to get people moving quicker)
  • Slowly move them off ADs
38
Q

True or False: Focusing on an external target will allow for someone to have less sway

A

True

39
Q

Brainstem Nuclei - Postural Control

A
  • Influence coordination of synergies
  • Influence postural tone
  • Integrate sensory information for posure and balance
  • Contributes to anticipatory control accompanying voluntary movements
40
Q

Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia have roles in ____ and ____ control

A
  • Anticipatory
  • Feedback
  • CBM influences postural muscle response amplitude to changing task and environment
  • BG influences muscle patterns in response to task and environment
41
Q

Cortex - Posture

A
  • Visual integration
  • High level planning

Motor Control and Learning (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions