Development of mobility in infants and children Flashcards
Children must have ____, growth and maturation to properly develop movement.
experience
Sequence of Motor Development
- Head to the feet
- Proximal to distal
- Mass patterns to refined patterns
- More stable to less stable (creep vs stand)
- Activites with low COM to high COM (prone vs stand)
- Activities with large BOS to small BOS (waddle vs walk)
- Interweaving across positions based on experience ,motivation and body system development; progression/regression when getting close to next milestone
Typical sequence of development of rolling
- Sidelying to supine (1-2m)
- Prone to supine (4m)
- Supine to sidelying (4-5m)
- Supine to prone (6-8m)
Typical pattern of rolling
- Initial = log-rolling (head turns, body turns); limited degrees of freedom (novice skill)
- By 9 months - segmental rolling pattern (important for walking)
Why is segmental rolling important for babies?
It supports transition to walking with reciprical rotation of shoulder/hips such as when you extend one leg out in front to walk.
How do you know when the prone to supine will occur?
Due to reflexes as soon as the babies eyes look, head turns. As soon as head turns the entire body turns with it.
What muscle groups develop first for babies?
Extensors
Why is prone aka tummy time important?
Babies require experience in prone positions to be able to develop weight bearing and reaching development.
What will be observed in prone progression?
- Cephalocaudal (head to toe dev of coordination)
- More organized
- Can reduce BOS
- Can raise COM
- Flexible options
____ play is one of the most important things parents can do
supervised prone
Rising to Standing
Requires
* Hip ROM
* Muscular Strength
* Balance (limiting factor)
Variable
* between individuals
* context of task
Primary way this is performed is by grabbing something to stand up
What is the term for side stepping while holding onto something?
Cruising
What are the 3 requirement for success with walking?
- Rhythmic stepping pattern (for progression)
– Early: due to to reflex of plantar pressure on the feet
– Later: Automatic and voluntary reciprical motion (disappears for a bit due to chubby legs) - Control of balance (stability) developed through to standing years 1-2; not adult like until 7-15 years old
- Flexibility/adaptability is developed over months-years with motor systems and practice opportunities
Gait Progression Changes in Development
- Control: Reflex -> voluntary
- BOS: narrow over time
- Percentage of stance time: increase SL support
- Head-Arms-Trunk: position, motion, control; hands high for balance mechanism
- Increased coordination of the lower limbs and stepping characteristics
- Gait speed increases
- Postural control and balance are essential for gait
Biologic factors - musculoskeletal
- Skeletal dev is ongoing - Wolff’s Law
- Ossification process:
– first degree: diaphysis, begins around 9 weeks fetal dev
– second degree: epiphysis, begins in early childhood - Joint formation
– Starts with cartilage formation in fetus - most joints “framed” by 8 weeks - final shape during childhood; Ex: Hip joint
Typical hip development - Femoral neck twist (torsion/version)
- Normal reduction in femoral neck torsion over time
- Influenced by walking, sustained postures, muscle pull
- Newborn: 30 degrees
- Adult: 12-20 degrees
