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Motor Control and Learning > Aging > Flashcards

Aging Flashcards

1
Q

Primary vs Seconday Aging

A

Aging due to:
* Primary: genetically related, gradually declining
* Seconday: External Causes; system function will remain high until death (Under our control)

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2
Q

What are two secondary factors that have a large effect on aging?

A
  • Nutrition and Exercise
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3
Q

What percentage of aging is genetic vs environment?

A
  • 20% Genetics (Primary)
  • 80% Environmental (Secondary)
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4
Q

When an older individual comes into your clinic, what do you need to think about?

A
  • Chronological and functional age for both evaluation and treatment
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5
Q

General age-related changes

A
  • Musculoskeletal
  • Sensory
  • Neural
  • Motor behavior strategies
  • Cognitive demands of motor tasks
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6
Q

General age-related changes may lead to…

A

postural instability (falls) and characteristic changes in gait

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7
Q

Neuromuscular Age Changes

A
  • Lose Type 1 and Type 2 muscle fibers (Leads to a blending; one mode)
  • Results in a loss of the ability to generate speed and power; results in a slower reaction time
  • Decline in # of motor units and myelinated fibers
  • Functional changes at neuromuscular junction (Decrease in NT effectiveness)
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8
Q

Fewer motor units results in…

A

less resolution of muscle force, impacts fine motor control causing less coordination/clumsy handling, tougher to control deceleration

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9
Q

Strength Age Related Change

A
  • Muscles get smaller; muscle cells die and are replaced by connective tissue and fat
  • Max isometric force decrease; LE strength decreases up to 40% between 30-80 years old
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10
Q

Power Age related changes

A
  • Rate of tension development is slower (Loss of Type 2 muscle fibers which are fast twitch)
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11
Q

____ is more highly correlated with physical function than muscle strength

A

Muscle Power

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12
Q

Endurance Age Related Changes

A
  • Endurance is better preserved than strength BUT muscles fatigue more rapidly
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13
Q

Flexibility related age changes

A
  • Spinal flexibility declines with age; 50% less flexibility into extension due to disc height shrinking and increased facet joint contact
  • Ankle joint flexibility declines 35-50% (Rely on hip strategy sooner)
  • Pain and arthritis leads to less ROM
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14
Q

Sensory Age Related Changes

A

Somatosensory
* Decrease in vibration sensitivity
* Decrease in tactile sensitivity
* Delayed muscle onset to perturbation

Vestibular
* 40% loss of vestibular cells by 70 years of age; response magnitudes are smaller

Vision
* Less light transmitted to retina; effects optic flow (less ability to orient in space
* Loss of visual field and contrast sensitivity (dim light need to go to bathroom)
* Become more visually dependent for balance; due to decrease in speed of processing (sensory integration)

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15
Q

Neural Age Related Changes

A
  • Reduced # of neurons, not consistent across structures
  • General decrese in speed of central processing
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16
Q

Motor Behavior Age Related Changes

A
  • Coordination is altered
  • Quiet stance (increased spontaneous sway; often measured with amplitude and velocity)
  • Perturbation response (balance recovery; more co-contraction and slower contraction of muscles; use hip strategy sooner)
  • Sensory adaptability (decreased speed of processing results in reduced sensory integration/weighting)
  • Anticipatory responses (inability to properly prepare for movement; younger emg activation of legs then arm; older emg activation of legs and arms - less stability)
17
Q

Why would it be more beneficial to sway more in quiet stance?

A

Unknown but as we age it occurs. May be due to the need to draw in concious attention or increase proprioceptive input.

18
Q

The more unstable the individual th emore likely they have…

A

more co contraction of muscles and slower response time for contraction

19
Q

Cognition and Postural Control with Age

A
  • More cognitively demanding with older adults
  • Fear of falling exacerbates cognitive demands; this can impact performance as it now creates a dual task (Hick’s Law)
20
Q

Examples of Risk Factors for Falls

A

Extrinsic environmental factors
* Stairs
* throw rugs
* slippery surfaces
* poor lighting

Intrinsic Factors
* Muscle weakness/slowness
* history of falls
* gait deficits
* balance deficits
* assistive device
* visual deficits
* arthritis
* impaired ADLs
* depression
* cognitive impairment
* gender (women > men)
* age (> 80 years)
* Number of meds

21
Q

What intrinsic risk factors for falls can PT interventions help with?

A
  • Muscle weakness/slowness
  • gait deficits
  • balance deficits
  • impaired ADLs
22
Q

Risk of Fall in the next 12 months
0-1 Risk Factor = ?%
4 or more risk factors = ?%

A
  • 8%
  • 78%
23
Q

Common gait changes with age

A
  • Decreased stride length
  • Greater step width and toeing out
  • Shoulders more extended/elbows flexed (due to anatomical changes with disc height)
  • Increased EMG activity (faster fatigue)
  • Decreased plantar flexion power at push off
  • Reduced dynamic balance during gait
  • Increased “hip” strategy during walking
24
Q

____ m/s is needed to cross the road

A

1.4

25
Q

____ needs intervention for fall risk

A

Less than 1 m/s

26
Q

____ m/s dependence in activities of daily livign and increased likeligood of hospitilization

A

Less than 0.6

27
Q

____ m/s indicates an increased likelihood of discharge to a Skilled Nursing Facility

A

Less than 0.15

28
Q

Why does our ability to adapt to gait reduce as we age?

A
  • Require more time to monitor the visual environment
  • Require mroe time to alter upcoming step to avoid obstacle
  • Trip recovery is reduced due to delayed and reduced muscle activation and rate of torque (power) development (hip flexors and plantar flexors)
29
Q

____ deficitis = 10x greater likelihood of walking-related disability

A

Balance + Strength

30
Q

Aging and cognitive factors for gait

A

Because it is a dual task in older adults it has been shown to:
* increase reaction time
* increase obstacle contact and error rates on cogntiive tasks
* “Fear” as implications

31
Q

____ strengthening and aerobic exercise can improve gait function

A

Moderate to High intensity

32
Q

All functional mobility skills have been associated with decreased…

A

strength, power, speed and overall adaptive capacity

Motor Control and Learning (13 decks)

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