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Motor Control and Learning > Neural Plasticity > Flashcards

Neural Plasticity Flashcards

1
Q

What changes with learning?

A
  • Movement
  • Attention
  • Error Detection and correction
  • The nervous system
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2
Q

What is neural plasticity?

A
  • Living nervous system
  • Capacity of CNS to undergo changes in function and structure in response to use.
  • Changes occur throughout the nervous system
  • Occurs in motor learning and recovery of function
  • May be favorable or unfavorable
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3
Q

Neural Plasticity: Basic Concept

A

Use -> Functional Change -> Structural Change

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4
Q

Types of Plasticity
Where do they occur?

A
  • Habituation and Sensitization
  • Occur in reflex pathways (non-declarative/implicit learning)
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5
Q

Habituation

A
  • Decreased responsiveness as a result of repeated exposure
  • Decrease in synaptic activity between sensory and motor neurons that can lead to long term reduction in number of synapses

EPSP = Excitatory Post Synpatic Potential

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6
Q

Sensitization

A
  • Increased responsiveness as a result of exposure to a stimulus
  • Increase in synaptic activity between sensory and motor neurons leads to long term increase in number of synapses
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7
Q

____ may dictate whether there is sensitization vs habituation

A

Perception of potential harm

Ex: Pain

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8
Q

Implicit Learning

A
  • (Procedural and Associative)
  • Learning to predict relationships and learning “automatic” sequences/patterns over time
  • i.e. Trial and error (a.k.a. sensorimotor mapping over time)
  • Involves Cerebellum and: premotor, sensorimotor, parietal cortices, BG

Non declarative

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9
Q

What are the short term plasticity changes?

A

Change in synpatic efficency

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10
Q

What are the long term plasticity changes?

A
  • Formation of new synaptic connections
  • Same idea as habituation/sensitization
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11
Q

What cells are important for long term plasticity changes? What is the functions of the cells function?

A
  • Cerbellar climbing fibers
  • Cerebellar purkinje cells
  • Cerebellar mossy fibers

Ex: Motor Learning

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12
Q

Explicit Learning

A
  • Requires awareness & attention, results in knowledge expressed consciously
  • Involves the temporal lobe and:
  • Sensory association cortex, hippocampus
  • Long term potentiation (similar to sensitization)

Declarative

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13
Q

Role of cortical areas

A
  • Cortex more involved early in learning
  • For complex motor skills:
    – Repetition improves synaptic efficiency between sensory and motor cortices
    – With repetition, use sensorimotor cortex less and thalamocortical pathways more
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14
Q

Initial phases of learning activation and location

A
  • Widely distributed activation
  • Bilateral cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum
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15
Q

Later phases of learning activation and location

A
  • Less cortical activity & more subcortical
  • Basal ganglia, cerebellum, thalamus
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16
Q

How is plasticity influenced by age?

A

learning requires more brain activity and more time/repetition

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17
Q

How is plasticity influenced by pathology

A

Require more brain activity for even simple tasks

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18
Q

____ of post concussion syndrom is correlated with in creased brain activity

A

Severity

19
Q

What are the three types of nerve damage?

A
  • Neuropraxia
  • Axonotmesis
  • Neurotmesis
20
Q

Neuropraxia

A

Transient interrupted signal transmission

21
Q

Axonotmesis

A

Axon damage only

22
Q

Neurotmesis

A

Damage to axon and sheath = worst case scenario

23
Q

How does degeneration/regeneration of a nerve work after injury?

A
  • Anterograde degeneration: (occurs after neurotmesis) Distal to lesion axon degenerates to end
  • Retrograde (proximal) degeneration: dying back toward cell body proximal of lesion
24
Q

Degeneration/Regeneration after injury - Timeline

A
  • Minutes after injury – swelling and myelin retraction from axon
  • 2-3 days myelin begins to be digested
  • By day 6 (maybe earlier), glial cells form a tube for possible regeneration
  • Axonal sprouts may find adjacent tube and may regenerate
25
Q

Regeneration of nerves occurs in the ____

A

PNS

CNS is mysterious and not understood.

26
Q

What happens when there is an injury to the CNS?

A
  • Can directly damage the neuron
  • Neuronal function often indirectly affected by impaired:
    – Cerebral blood flow
    – CSF control
    – Cerebral metabolism
  • These are usually transient and quickly reverse
27
Q

Injury to the CNS - Transient Changes

A
  • Loss of function in structurally intact brain area because of loss of input (diaschisis)
    – Can be due to decrease in blood flow and metabolism
  • Cerebral edema commonly occurs after brain injury.
    – May lead to compression of axons and blocking of conduction
28
Q

Recovery of Function - What are the 4 Cellular Responses

A
  • Altered synaptic efficency
  • Recruitment/Unmasking silent synapses
  • Neural Regeneration
  • Collateral Sprouting
29
Q

Recovery of Function - Altered Synaptic Efficency

A

Change in the balance between inhibition and facilitation at the synapse

30
Q

Recovery of Function - Recruitment/Unmasking of synaptic synapses

A

Due to experience or lesion

31
Q

Neural Regeneration

A
  • Synaptogenesis (SLOW)
  • The regeneration or formation of new synapses
  • More sure of this in PNS than CNS currently
32
Q

Collateral Sprouting

A
  • Sprouting (SLOW)
  • Neural growth and regeneration after injury.
  • Collateral sprouting is the branching outgrowth of new axon terminals from uninjured axons.
33
Q

Cortical Maps after CNS lesions

A
  • Reorganization of affected hemisphere
    – Primary motor cortex lesions = activation of PMA and SMA
    – Adjacent cortex may take over as well
  • Uncrossed motor pathways may assist
  • Cross modality-processing
    – In absence of one sensory stimuli, we become responsive to others
  • Functional recovery is better when these changes are only temporary
34
Q

A peripheral injury/pain leads to ____ of sensorimotor representations.

A

smudging

35
Q

Cortical Changes after Amputation

A
  • Intact muscles become more active with lower threshold and over wider area in cortex
  • In humans, Stimulation of face and upper limb evoke phantom limb pain, suggests remapping of somatosensory system.
36
Q

The amount of cortical shift varies with length of ____ pain

A

chronic low back

37
Q

Role of Cerebellum - Recovery of Function

A
  • Cerebellum is very important to motor recovery, basically the same role as in motor learning
  • Individual constraints are altered, so…
  • Recovery can be viewed as motor learning with a new set of individual abilities/constraints
38
Q

Behavorial Substitution vs Compensation

A
  • Substitution for long term
  • Compensation for short term, then retrained back to normal function
39
Q

Strategies to promote neuroplasticity

A
  • Practice!
  • Need a sensory rich environment
  • Sensory stimulation helps with skill acquisition and increased task function (electrical stimulation)
40
Q

____ is associated with cortical reorganization

A

Skill learning

  • simple exercise and strength training is not enough (need sensory rich, task specific and lots of practice)
41
Q

What are the 10 variables that affect plasticity?

A
  • Use it or lose it
  • Use it and improve it
  • Specificity
  • Repeition matters
  • Intensity matters
  • Time Matters
  • Importance matters
  • Age matters
  • Transference (one trainined experience, enhances others)
  • Interference
42
Q

How can Cardiovascular exercise promote neuroplasticity?

A
  • Moderate to Hig intensity releases BDNF
  • Before or after practice
  • Singe/Acute and Chronic Effects
43
Q

Can genetic play a role in neuroplasticity?

A

Yes, but not much is known. May be positive or negative on plasticity.

Motor Control and Learning (13 decks)

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