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Pediatrics > Postnatal Development > Flashcards

Postnatal Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 9 developmental stages?

A

Prenatal
Infancy and Toddlerhood
Early Childhood
Middle Childhood
Adolescence
Late Adulthood
Death and Dying

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2
Q

What is the prenatal age stage?

A

period of the egg: first 2 weeks
Embryonic stage: conception to 8 weeks
Fetal stage: 8 weeks to birth

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3
Q

What is the infancy age stage?

A

Neonatal: birth to 22 days
Birth to onset of walking (about 1 year old)

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4
Q

What is the toddler age stage?

A

1-4 years

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5
Q

What is the childhood age stage?

A

Infancy to 7 years old

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6
Q

What are the two developmental directions of physical growth?

A

Cephalocaudally
Proximodistal

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of motor development?

A

In a predictable sequence
At a variable rate
As a continuous process
From simple to complex
From general to specific

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8
Q

What is Scammon’s Growth Curve?

A

Not all tissue systems grow at the same rate

Scammon’s growth curve is a summarization of the differential nature of postnatal growth

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9
Q

By age 1, most children have accomplished what in regards to sensory and motor development?

A

Like to put things in mouth
Pull up to standing position by holding onto furniture
Cruise
Have mastered grasping objects

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10
Q

By age 1, most children have gotten where in regards to physical development?

A

Have grown taller
Gotten heavy (3x weight)
Big heads
Still have a baby look, respective of head and body proportions
Will likely have a few teeth

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11
Q

What is Gallahue’s hourglass model of motor development?

A

Reflexive movement phase + rudimentary movement phase+ fundamental movement phase+ specialized movement phase

All mix together and lead to motor control and movement competence

= Lifelong daily living utilization+ lifelong recreational utilization+ lifelong competitive utilization

This is influenced by individual and environmental factors

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12
Q

What is Clarke and Metcalfe’s Mountain of Motor Development?

A

Bottom to top of mountain

Reflexive
Preadapted
Fundamental motor patterns
Context-specific
Skillful

Compensation may happen during the context-specific and skillful stages

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13
Q

What is the movement and motor skills classification?

A

Motor aspect (gross or fine skills)
Temporal aspect (discreet/serial/continuous)
Environmental (open or Closed KC)
Functional (stability/locomotor/manipulative)

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14
Q

What are the three task based classifications of movements?

A

Stability: emphasis on static and dynamic body balance

Locomotion: emphasis on body transportation

Manipulation: imparting force on or receiving force from an object

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15
Q

What are the phases of movement/motor development?

A

reflexive: involuntary subcortically controlled movement in utero and early infancy

Rudimentary: movements of infancy influenced by maturation

Fundamental: basic movement skills of childhood

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16
Q

What are the fundamental movement developmental stages?

A

Initial stage
elementary stage
Mature stage

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17
Q

What are the landmarks of physical achievement?

A

Fine motor skills: skills involving small muscles used in manipulation

Development of hand control:

At birth: grasping is reflexive
3 months: grasping becomes voluntary (ulnar grasp)
9-12 months: pincer grasp: use of thumb

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18
Q

What does cognition/language/psycho-social readiness depend on?

A

Maturation and learning
Convergence of biological factors within the individual
Applies to both cognitive and motor domains

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19
Q

What are implications for educational programming?

A

Strong base
Social support
Socioeconomic status
Parent education

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20
Q

What is plasticity?

A

The degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to experience

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21
Q

What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

A

Sensorimotor (birth-2yo)
Preoperational (2-6/7yo)
Concrete operational (7-11yo)
Formal operational (12-adulthood)

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22
Q

What is the sensorimotor development stage?

A

Experiencing the world through sense and action
Object permanence and stranger anxiety

23
Q

What is the preoperational development stage?

A

Representing things with words and images; use intuitive rather than logical reasoning

Pretend play
Egocentrism
Language development

24
Q

What is the concrete operational development stage?

A

Thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations

Conservation
Mathematical transformations

25
Q

What is the formal operational stage?

A

Abstract reasoning

Abstract logic
Potential for mature moral reasoning

26
Q

By age 1, what does the cognitive development in the average child look like?

A

Average child:

is curious about everyday objects and how they work
Starts to remember things that happened a few hours or even a day ago
Can find an object they watched you hide
Likes to play peekaboo
Experiments by making different sounds
Identify each parent, often by mama or dada
Sometimes repeat right away a sound they hear when someone is talking
Say at least 3 words
Recognize their own name and may also look at family members or pets when you talk about them

27
Q

What is information processing?

A

How children take in, use and store information
Development is dependent on memory

28
Q

What are the three basic aspects of memory?

A

Encoding: info is recorded into a form usable for memories

Storage: placement of info into memory

Retrieval: how info is retrieved from memories

29
Q

What is infantile amnesia?

A

Lack of memories prior to 3 years old

30
Q

What is Bayley’s Scales of infant development? (2-42months)

A

Mental scale
Motor scale
Behavioral scale

Can detect sensory and neurological issues
Association between infant and adult intelligence

visual recognition memories have been linked to have higher IQs later in life
Kids that develop languages earlier grow up to have higher IQs

31
Q

What are the Bayley Scale of infant development mental and motor target for a 1 month old?

A

Mental: infant quiets when lifted
Motor: infant makes postural adjustment when lifted

32
Q

What are the Bayley Scale of infant development mental and motor target for a 2 month old?

A

Mental: infant glances between two objects over a crib
Motor: infant holds head steady when carried

33
Q

What are the Bayley Scale of infant development mental and motor target for a 5 month old?

A

Mental: Infant transfers object between hands

Motor: Infant attempts to pick up objects out of reach

34
Q

What are the Bayley Scale of infant development mental and motor target for a 8 month old?

A

Mental: Development of object permanence
Motor: Infant raises him/herself into sitting position

35
Q

What are the Bayley Scale of infant development mental and motor target for a 12 month old?

A

Mental: infant imitates works that are spoken
Motor: when requested, infant stands up

36
Q

What are Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development?

A

Trust vs Mistrust
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
Initiative vs Guilt
Industry vs Inferiority
Identity vs Role confusion
Intimacy vs Isolation
Generativity vs Stagnation
Integrity vs Despair

37
Q

What is the conflict, important events and outcome during infancy according to Erikson’s theory?

A

Infancy (birth to 18mo)

Conflict: Trust vs Mistrust
Important events: Feeling
Outcome: Hope

38
Q

What is the conflict, important events and outcome during early childhood according to Erikson’s theory?

A

Early childhood (2-3yo)

Conflict: Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
Important events: toilet training
Outcome: will

39
Q

What is the conflict, important events and outcome during Preschool according to Erikson’s theory?

A

Preschool (3-5 years)

Conflict: initiative vs guilt
Important events: exploration
Outcome: purpose

40
Q

What is the conflict, important events and outcome during School age according to Erikson’s theory?

A

School age (6-11years)
Conflict: industry vs inferiority
Important events: school
Outcome: confidence

41
Q

What is the conflict, important events and outcome during Adolescence according to Erikson’s theory?

A

Adolescence (12-18)
Conflict: identity vs isolation
Important events: social relationships
Outcome: fidelity

42
Q

What is the conflict, important events and outcome during Young adulthood according to Erikson’s theory?

A

Conflict: intimacy vs isolation
Important events: relationships
Outcome: love

43
Q

What is the conflict, important events and outcome during middle adulthood according to Erikson’s theory?

A

Middle adulthood (40-65)
Conflict: generativity vs stagnation
Important events: work and parenthood
Outcome: care

44
Q

What is the conflict, important events and outcome during maturity according to Erikson’s theory?

A

Maturity (65-death)
Conflict: ego integrity vs despair
Important events: reflection on life
Outcome: wisdom

45
Q

By age 1, what does the emotional/social development in the average child look like?

A

average child will:

interact mostly with parents and other caregivers. Won’t show interest in playing with other children. Will engage in “parallel play”

Like to “flirt” with parents and other caregivers
Begin to understand permanence

46
Q

What are Havighurst developmental tasks?

A

Skills that should be mastered at a certain stage in life
Havighurst believed that achieving developmental tasks leads to happiness and success with later tasks
He identified the developmental tasks of children as coming from 3 sources

47
Q

What are Havighurst’s three sources for developmental tasks?

A

Physical maturation
Personal values
Pressures of society

48
Q

What are Havighurst’s developmental tasks for infancy and early childhood(0-5years)?

A

Learn to walk
Use toilet
Learn to talk
Learn to form relationships with others

49
Q

What are Havighurst’s developmental tasks for Middle childhood (6-12yo)?

A

Learn school-related skills such as reading
Learn about conscience and values
Learn to be independent

50
Q

What are Havighurst’s developmental tasks for adolescence (13-17yo)?

A

Establish emotional independence
Learn skills needed for productive occupation
Achieve gender-based social role
Establish mature relationships with peers

51
Q

What are Havighurst’s developmental tasks for Early adulthood (18-35yo)?

A

Choose a life partner
Establish a family
Take care of a home
Establish a career

52
Q

What are Havighurst’s developmental tasks for Middle age (36-60yo)?

A

Maintain a standard of living
Perform civic and social responsibilities
Maintain a relationship with spouse
Adjust to physiological changes

53
Q

What are Havighurst’s developmental tasks for Later maturity (over 60 years)?

A

Adjust to deteriorating health
Adjust to retirement
Meet social and civil obligations
Adjust to loss of spouse

Pediatrics (17 decks)

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