Postnatal Development Flashcards
What are the 9 developmental stages?
Prenatal
Infancy and Toddlerhood
Early Childhood
Middle Childhood
Late childhoold
Adolescence
Early adulthood
Late Adulthood
Death and Dying
What is the prenatal age stage?
period of the egg: first 2 weeks
Embryonic stage: conception to 8 weeks
Fetal stage: 8 weeks to birth
What is the infancy age stage?
Neonatal: birth to 22 days
Birth to onset of walking (about 1 year old)
What is the toddler age stage?
1-4 years
What is the childhood age stage?
Infancy to 7 years old
What are the two developmental directions of physical growth?
Cephalocaudally
Proximodistal
What are the characteristics of motor development?
In a predictable sequence
At a variable rate
As a continuous process
From simple to complex
From general to specific
What is Scammon’s Growth Curve?
Not all tissue systems grow at the same rate
Scammon’s growth curve is a summarization of the differential nature of postnatal growth
By age 1, most children have accomplished what in regards to sensory and motor development?
Like to put things in mouth
Pull up to standing position by holding onto furniture
Cruise
Have mastered grasping objects
By age 1, most children have gotten where in regards to physical development?
Have grown taller
Gotten heavy (3x weight)
Big heads
Still have a baby look, respective of head and body proportions
Will likely have a few teeth
What is Gallahue’s hourglass model of motor development?
Reflexive movement phase + rudimentary movement phase+ fundamental movement phase+ specialized movement phase
All mix together and lead to motor control and movement competence
= Lifelong daily living utilization+ lifelong recreational utilization+ lifelong competitive utilization
This is influenced by individual and environmental factors
What is Clarke and Metcalfe’s Mountain of Motor Development?
Bottom to top of mountain
Reflexive
Preadapted
Fundamental motor patterns
Context-specific
Skillful
Compensation may happen during the context-specific and skillful stages
What is the movement and motor skills classification?
Motor aspect (gross or fine skills)
Temporal aspect (discreet/serial/continuous)
Environmental (open or Closed KC)
Functional (stability/locomotor/manipulative)
What are the three task based classifications of movements?
Stability: emphasis on static and dynamic body balance
Locomotion: emphasis on body transportation
Manipulation: imparting force on or receiving force from an object
What are the phases of movement/motor development?
reflexive: involuntary subcortically controlled movement in utero and early infancy
Rudimentary: movements of infancy influenced by maturation
Fundamental: basic movement skills of childhood
What are the fundamental movement developmental stages?
Initial stage
elementary stage
Mature stage
What are the landmarks of physical achievement?
Fine motor skills: skills involving small muscles used in manipulation
Development of hand control:
At birth: grasping is reflexive
3 months: grasping becomes voluntary (ulnar grasp)
9-12 months: pincer grasp: use of thumb
What does cognition/language/psycho-social readiness depend on?
Maturation and learning
Convergence of biological factors within the individual
Applies to both cognitive and motor domains
What are implications for educational programming?
Strong base
Social support
Socioeconomic status
Parent education
What is plasticity?
The degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to experience
What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor (birth-2yo)
Preoperational (2-6/7yo)
Concrete operational (7-11yo)
Formal operational (12-adulthood)
What is the sensorimotor development stage?
Experiencing the world through sense and action
Object permanence and stranger anxiety
What is the preoperational development stage?
Representing things with words and images; use intuitive rather than logical reasoning
Pretend play
Egocentrism
Language development
What is the concrete operational development stage?
Thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations
Conservation
Mathematical transformations
What is the formal operational stage?
Abstract reasoning
Abstract logic
Potential for mature moral reasoning
By age 1, what does the cognitive development in the average child look like?
Average child:
is curious about everyday objects and how they work
Starts to remember things that happened a few hours or even a day ago
Can find an object they watched you hide
Likes to play peekaboo
Experiments by making different sounds
Identify each parent, often by mama or dada
Sometimes repeat right away a sound they hear when someone is talking
Say at least 3 words
Recognize their own name and may also look at family members or pets when you talk about them
What is information processing?
How children take in, use and store information
Development is dependent on memory
What are the three basic aspects of memory?
Encoding: info is recorded into a form usable for memories
Storage: placement of info into memory
Retrieval: how info is retrieved from memories
What is infantile amnesia?
Lack of memories prior to 3 years old
What is Bayley’s Scales of infant development? (2-42months)
Mental scale
Motor scale
Behavioral scale
Can detect sensory and neurological issues
Association between infant and adult intelligence
visual recognition memories have been linked to have higher IQs later in life
Kids that develop languages earlier grow up to have higher IQs
What are the Bayley Scale of infant development mental and motor target for a 1 month old?
Mental: infant quiets when lifted
Motor: infant makes postural adjustment when lifted
What are the Bayley Scale of infant development mental and motor target for a 2 month old?
Mental: infant glances between two objects over a crib
Motor: infant holds head steady when carried
What are the Bayley Scale of infant development mental and motor target for a 5 month old?
Mental: Infant transfers object between hands
Motor: Infant attempts to pick up objects out of reach
What are the Bayley Scale of infant development mental and motor target for a 8 month old?
Mental: Development of object permanence
Motor: Infant raises him/herself into sitting position
What are the Bayley Scale of infant development mental and motor target for a 12 month old?
Mental: infant imitates words that are spoken
Motor: when requested, infant stands up
What are Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development?
Trust vs Mistrust
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
Initiative vs Guilt
Industry vs Inferiority
Identity vs Role confusion
Intimacy vs Isolation
Generativity vs Stagnation
Integrity vs Despair
What is the conflict, important events and outcome during infancy according to Erikson’s theory?
Infancy (birth to 18mo)
Conflict: Trust vs Mistrust
Important events: Feeling
Outcome: Hope
What is the conflict, important events and outcome during early childhood according to Erikson’s theory?
Early childhood (2-3yo)
Conflict: Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
Important events: toilet training
Outcome: will
What is the conflict, important events and outcome during Preschool according to Erikson’s theory?
Preschool (3-5 years)
Conflict: initiative vs guilt
Important events: exploration
Outcome: purpose
What is the conflict, important events and outcome during School age according to Erikson’s theory?
School age (6-11years)
Conflict: industry vs inferiority
Important events: school
Outcome: confidence
What is the conflict, important events and outcome during Adolescence according to Erikson’s theory?
Adolescence (12-18)
Conflict: identity vs isolation
Important events: social relationships
Outcome: fidelity
What is the conflict, important events and outcome during Young adulthood according to Erikson’s theory?
Conflict: intimacy vs isolation
Important events: relationships
Outcome: love
What is the conflict, important events and outcome during middle adulthood according to Erikson’s theory?
Middle adulthood (40-65)
Conflict: generativity vs stagnation
Important events: work and parenthood
Outcome: care
What is the conflict, important events and outcome during maturity according to Erikson’s theory?
Maturity (65-death)
Conflict: ego integrity vs despair
Important events: reflection on life
Outcome: wisdom
By age 1, what does the emotional/social development in the average child look like?
average child will:
interact mostly with parents and other caregivers. Won’t show interest in playing with other children. Will engage in “parallel play”
Like to “flirt” with parents and other caregivers
Begin to understand permanence
What are Havighurst developmental tasks?
Skills that should be mastered at a certain stage in life
Havighurst believed that achieving developmental tasks leads to happiness and success with later tasks
He identified the developmental tasks of children as coming from 3 sources
What are Havighurst’s three sources for developmental tasks?
Physical maturation
Personal values
Pressures of society
What are Havighurst’s developmental tasks for infancy and early childhood(0-5years)?
Learn to walk
Use toilet
Learn to talk
Learn to form relationships with others
What are Havighurst’s developmental tasks for Middle childhood (6-12yo)?
Learn school-related skills such as reading
Learn about conscience and values
Learn to be independent
What are Havighurst’s developmental tasks for adolescence (13-17yo)?
Establish emotional independence
Learn skills needed for productive occupation
Achieve gender-based social role
Establish mature relationships with peers
What are Havighurst’s developmental tasks for Early adulthood (18-35yo)?
Choose a life partner
Establish a family
Take care of a home
Establish a career
What are Havighurst’s developmental tasks for Middle age (36-60yo)?
Maintain a standard of living
Perform civic and social responsibilities
Maintain a relationship with spouse
Adjust to physiological changes
What are Havighurst’s developmental tasks for Later maturity (over 60 years)?
Adjust to deteriorating health
Adjust to retirement
Meet social and civil obligations
Adjust to loss of spouse
