Middle and Later Childhood Flashcards
What are the two genetic development ways?
Phylogenetic
Ontogenetic
What is Phylogenetic development?
Acquisition of abilities that are common to everyone who experiences normal development
What is ontogenetic development?
Acquisition of abilities that requires specific training
What are the characteristics of middle and later childhood as a distinct stage?
Delineated age stages that are part of continuous process of development
Stage categorization by age is arbitrary
Period of time plays second fiddle (preschool and adolescent stages deemed more important)
Trend of early onset of puberty blurs lines between later childhood and adolescence
What are the fundamental movement developmental stages?
Initial stage
Elementary stage
Mature stage
What are the characteristics of motor skill development in middle and later childhood?
Basic skills for successful play become well developed
Fundamental movement abilities well developed at the start of this period
Transitional period to specific skill development, athletic skills
Eye-hand and eye-foot coordination progresses slowly
Reaction time improves
Endurance capacity is limited but is trainable
What are specialized movement skills in the middle and later childhood stages?
“fundamental movements that have been refined or combined with other movements into complex forms”
specialized skills are mastered during later childhood, adolescence and adulthood
Skills are task specific
Fundamental abilities are developed into more specialized skills through organized sport
“sample” not “specialize” in middle and later childhood
What are the significant sources of influence on pre-teen developement?
Increased influence from: school, sport, club, and recreational peers
Activities become more structured, less free play time
++sedentary behaviour (screen time)
++ obesity ==> - activity levels, + nutrient intake
Cognitive and intellectual development continues (decrease in reading time)
Increased anxiety at all childhood stages
Family structure in flux with both parents working
What are the nutritional concerns of middle and later childhoods?
Excess consumption
Macronutrient imbalances
Over reliance on refined sugars and starches
The use of non-nutritive edibles (“sugar-free”)
Most programs and activities for youth have beneficial effects with benefits outweighing the risks, what are some risks?
Excessive, repetitive training stresses joints
Injuries to growth plates implications on bone growth
What is the Rule of Fives?
Grow 25 cm in first year of life
then 10cm/year from 1-4y/o
Then 5cm/year from 4-puberty
What are the general growth characteristics of middle and later childhoods?
Slow consistent rate of growth
By age 11:
girls 147cm
Boys 146cm
Central characteristic of middle and later childhood growth is variability
In general, during middle and later childhood what happens to:
Muscle mass
Body fat
Muscular strength
Core, trunk
Boys are _______than girls (_____)
Strength can ________ over this period
Muscle mass increases
Body fat decreases
Muscular strength increases
Core, trunk decreases
Boys are stronger than girls (upper)
Strength can double over this period
What are factors affecting growth?
Nutrition
Exercise , physical activity, injury
Family
Parental attitudes
Child rearing philosophies
Health status
Family composition
Diseases present
Family position in society
SES
Family knowledge/education
Housing
Physical environment
Culture
