Postlab - Carbohydrates Flashcards
1
Q
It is the most abundant organic molecules in nature
A
Carbohydrates
2
Q
It is from cassava (Manihot esculenta) and it is from potato (Solanum tuberosum)
A
Starch
3
Q
Scientific name for Cassava
A
Manihot esculenta
4
Q
Scientific name for Potato
A
Solanum tuberosum
5
Q
It is the nergy storage polysaccharide implants
A
Starch
6
Q
Principle involved in starch:
A
Isolation FROM plant source: Starchy plants
7
Q
A homoglycan mixture os 2 polysaccharides
A
Amylose
Amylopectin
8
Q
- homoglycan of glucose connected by α1-4 linkages
- linkages are flexible allowing the chain to coil
- I₂ can be trapped in the coil to give purple color
A
Amylose
9
Q
branched homoglycan w/ approx. 1 in 25 glucose linked in both α1-4 & α1-6 fashion
A
Amylopectin
10
Q
Linear or branched
Amylose
A
Linear
11
Q
Linear or branched
Amylopectin
A
Branced
12
Q
What Isolation principle is this?
It ruptures membranes
A
Homogenization
13
Q
What isolation principle is this?
Removes proteins via precipitation
A
10% TCA
14
Q
What isolation principle is this?
precipitates glycogen from the homogenized sample
- Precipitation is induced by the loss of the H₂O shell surrounding the glycogen molecule.
A
95% EtOH
15
Q
What isolation principle is this?
facilitates precipitation of glycogen by salting-out
A
NaCl
16
Q
What type of homoglycan is glycogen?
A
branched
17
Q
Glycogen is isolated from?
A
Chicken liver
18
Q
Combination of fatty acid and sphingosine
A
Ceramide
19
Q
Examples of glycerophospholipi ds (2)
A
Lecithin and Cephalin
20
Q
Major component of egg yolk
A
Lecithin
21
Q
1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
A
triglycerides/triacyclglycerol
22
Q
sphingosine, 1 fatty acid, 1 phosphate group, 1 amino alcohol
A
Sphingolipid
23
Q
1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, 1 phosphate group, 1 alcohol
A
Glycerophospholipid
24
Q
1 spingosine, 1 carbohydrate, 1 fatty acid
A
Glycolipid
25
Most important lipid in the myelin sheath
Sphingomyelin
26
Contain carbohydrates and ceramides
Glycolipids
27
examples of glycolipids
cerebrosides and gangliosides
28
steroid structure
4 rings- 3 cyclohexane + 1 cyclopentane
29
Most abundant steroid in the body
cholesterol
30
Carriers of cholesterol in the blood are called ____.
Lipoprotein
31
Lipoprotein with high protein content
HDL
32
Lipoprotein with low protein content
LDL
33
Lipoprotein that carries dietary lipids made in the intestines
Chylomicrons
34
Lipoproteins that carry TAGs made by the liver
Very-Low LDL
35
Carry cholesterol from liver to various tissues
LDL
36
Carry cholesterol from various tissues to liver
HDL
37
Method to isolate starch
Selective dissolution
38
Is starch homoglycan or heteroglycan?
homoglycan
39
Sugar components of starch
amylopectin and amylose
40
General test for starch
lodine test
41
Is glycogen a branched or
unbranched homoglycan?
Branched
42
Intermediate product of a 5-carbon sugar?
A. Furfural
B.Hydroxymethylfurfural
A
43
Intermediate product of a 6-carbon sugar?
A. Furfural
B. Hydroxymethylfurfural
B
44
Monosaccharides are
glucose, fructose, galactose (GFG)
45
Disaccharide examples
sucrose, maltose, lactose
46
components of lactose
glucose and galactose
47
components of maltose
glucose + glucose
48
components of sucrose
glucose + fructose
49
General test for carbohydrates
Molisch test
50
Results for Molisch test
+ and -
(+) Purple ring -> carboyhydrate
(-) No reaction -> non-carbohydrate
51
Test to know if the sample is a simple or complex carbohydrate
lodine test
52
Is starch a complex or simple carbohydrate
complex
53
Results for lodine test
+ and -
(+) Presence of starch -> complex carbohydrate
(-) No reaction --> simple carbohydrate
54
C = O is at Carbon-1
Aldose or Ketose?
Aldose
55
C = O is at
Carbon-2
Aldose or Ketose?
Ketose
56
Test for ketohexose
Seliwanoff's test
57
Test for reducing sugars
Benedict's test
58
Results for Benedict test
+ and -
(+ Brick red ppt --> Presence of reducing sugar
(- No reax
59
Reducing sugars are...
any monosaccharide with a hemiacetal ring
60
Examples of reducing sugars
glucose, galactose, fructose, lactose, maltose
61
Test to determine if the sample is a monosaccharide or disaccharide
Barfoed's test
62
What is the result for Barfoed's test for monosaccharide and Disaccharide
Red ppt in 2-3 mins
63
What is the result for Barfoed's test for disaccharide
Red ppt after 10 mins
64
Confirmatory test for fructose
Seliwanoff's test
65
Example of a ketohexose
D-fructose
66
Test for pentoses
Bial's Orcinol test
67
Test for galactose (disaccharides)
Mucid Acid test
68
All reducing sugars undergo strong oxidation but only GALACTOSE will be positive for mucic acid test becuse of the resulting plane of symmetry.
TRUE OR FALSE
True
69
What are RedOx
Reaction based tests?
BBM
Benedict, Barfoed's, Mucic Acid Test
70
What are the
Furfural Formation-based Tests
BSM
Bial's Orcinol Test, Seliwanoff's, Molisch
71
Positive result for Benedicts test
coloured precipitate, brick red
72
Positive result for
Seliwanoff's
Cherry red solution
73
Positive result for Bial's Orcinol Test
Blue-green solution
74
Positive result for osazone test
Yellow-orange
75
Which sugar is the most polar?
Glucose, maltose, dextrin
Dextrin (has the most OH groups)
76
In a TLC, which will be found closer to the line of origin?
Glucose or dextrin
Dextrin
77
Test for reducing monosaccharides
Barfoed's test
78
Result in hexoses for Bial's Orcinol
Test
Brown ppt
79
Test to differentiate the reducing sugars from each other
Phenylhydrazone test or Osazone test via formation of crystals
80
What is the Test for Galactose
Mucic acid test
81
Which is more branching?
Glycogen or Amylopectin
Glycogen
82
Branching in glycogen appear in?
1 in every 10 glucose units
83
Branching in amylopectin appear in?
1 in every 25 glucose units
84
Acid hydrolysis of carbohydrates Which is more preferred?
Acid or Basis Hydrolysis of carbohydrates
85
Product of acid hydrolysis of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
86
Reduction of
Monosaccharides
produces sugar alcohols (alditols)
87
Product of mild oxidation of carbohydrates
Aldonic acids
88
Product of selective oxidation of carbohydrates
Uronic acid
89
Product of strong oxidation of carbohydrates
Aldaric acid
90
True or False
Reducing sugars can undergo strong oxidation
True
91
True or False
All epimers are diastereomers
True
92
Carbohydrates that differ in the location of the -OH group in ONE location
Epimer
93
Example of epimers
D-glucose and D-galactose
94
Treatment of a monosaccharide, all of which exist
almost exclusively in cyclic hemiacetal forms, with an alcohol
Acetal
95
Hydrolysis of Polysaccharides:
It is complete hydrolysis
a. Acid hydrolysis
b. Enzymatic hydrolysis
c. Basic Hydrolysis
A.
96
Hydrolysis of Polysaccharides:
It is a monosaccharide product
a. Acid hydrolysis
b. Enzymatic hydrolysis
c. Basic Hydrolysis
a.
97
Hydrolysis of Polysaccharides:
It is incomplete hydrolysis
a. Acid hydrolysis
b. Enzymatic hydrolysis
c. Basic Hydrolysis
B.
98
Hydrolysis of Polysaccharides:
It breaks specific bonds
a. Acid hydrolysis
b. Enzymatic hydrolysis
c. Basic Hydrolysis
B.
99
Hydrolysis of Polysaccharides:
Salivary amylase will break down α-1,4 glycosidic bonds
a. Acid hydrolysis
b. Enzymatic hydrolysis
c. Basic Hydrolysis
B.
100
Hydrolysis of Polysaccharides:
yield a mixture of glucose, maltose & other hydrolysates
a. Acid hydrolysis
b. Enzymatic hydrolysis
c. Basic Hydrolysis
B.
101
Hydrolysis of Polysaccharides:
aldo/keto groups are sensitive to strong base attacks
a. Acid hydrolysis
b. Enzymatic hydrolysis
c. Basic Hydrolysis
C.
102
Hydrolysis of Polysaccharides:
epimerization of aldoses & ketoses and aldose-ketose interconversion:
a. Acid hydrolysis
b. Enzymatic hydrolysis
c. Basic Hydrolysis
C.
