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ANAT315 post midterm > posterior thigh, knee, popliteal fossa > Flashcards

posterior thigh, knee, popliteal fossa Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 muscles that form the posterior thigh?

A
  • long head bicep femoris
  • short head bicep femoris
  • semitendinosus
  • semimembranosus
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2
Q

what are the muscles that commonly insert on the ischial tuberosity?

A
  • long head bicep femoris
  • semitendinosus
  • semimembranosus
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3
Q

where does the short head of biceps femoris originate?

A

linea aspera found on the mid femoral shaft

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4
Q

what is the common insertion points of the long and short head of biceps femoris?

A

head of fibula

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5
Q

what function is accomplished by the muscles that insert on the ischial tuberosity?

A

knee flexion, hip extension

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6
Q

what function is accomplished by the short head of biceps femoris?

A

knee flexion

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7
Q

what is the insertion point of semimebranosus?

A

posteromedial tibia

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8
Q

what is the insertion point of semitendinosus?

trick to recall?

A 
anteromedial tibia
Pes anserinus (SGT)
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9
Q

where is the short head of biceps femoris found relative to the long head?

A

deep to it

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10
Q

relative to biceps femoris, where are the other posterior thigh muscles found?

A

most medially we have semimembranosus and lateral to SM is semitendinosus

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11
Q

what nerve is responsible for innervating the short head of the biceps femoris?

A

common fibular N.

a branch of the sciatic nerve

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12
Q

what spinal levels are associated with the common fibular N?

A

L4-S2

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13
Q

what muscles of the posterior thigh get innervated by the tibial N. a branch of the sciatic nerve?

A
  • long head biceps femoris
  • semimembranosus
  • semitendonosus
  • hamstring part of adductor magnus
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14
Q

what spinal levels correspond to the tibial N.?

A

L5-S3

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15
Q

what supplies blood to the posterior thigh?

A

from the perforating arteries of the deep femoral A.

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16
Q

how do the perforating A. travel from anterior to posterior?

A

adductor magus has small openings that allow the arteries to pass trough onto the back side

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17
Q

what is the function of the adductor hiatus?

A

its an opening for the femoral A. and V.

once pass this, they become popliteal A. and V.

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18
Q

what type of joint is the knee joint

A

modified hinge joint

synovial

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19
Q

how many articulations is the knee joint comprised of? which are?

A

3 articulations

  • medial and lateral condyles of the fibula and tibia (2)
  • patella and femur
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20
Q

what type of movements are permitted by the knee joint?

A
  • knee flexion/extension

- slight medial/lateral rotation “lock/unlocking”

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21
Q

what type of bone is the patella?

A

sesamoid bone

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22
Q

why are the patellar grooves in the femur important?

A

they ensure that the patella properly articulates due to the lack of ligaments

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23
Q

what is runner’s knee?

A

mal alignment of the patella in the patellar (trochlear) groove which causes degeneration of the cartilage

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24
Q

how can runner’s knee be corrected or impact be minimized?

A

the muscles of the quadriceps need to be strengthed, hence if vastus lateralis executes a stronger pull, then vastus medialis needs to be strengthened, can use braces to correct and support

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25
Q

what are the extracapsular ligaments?

A

lateral (fibular) collateral; ligament (LCL)
medial (tibial) collateral ligament (MCL)
patellar ligament

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26
Q

where is the LCL located?

A

ranges from lateral femoral epicondyle to the head of the fibula

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27
Q

does the LCL attach to the joint capsule?

A

no, it is found completely outside

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28
Q

how could the LCL be described?

A

as a round, cord-like ligament

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29
Q

where is MCL found?

A

medial femoral epicondyle, proximal tibia to medial meniscus

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30
Q

what is the most commonly injured extra capsular ligament

A

MCL

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31
Q

how could MCL be described as?

A

a flat band

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32
Q

does the MCL share an attachment point with the joint capsule?

A

yes

33
Q

what may cause the MCL to tear?

A

Valgus strain causing Abduction of the knee

34
Q

when talking about adduction/abduction of the knee what does this refer to?

A

adduction: femur moves inwards relative to center joint midline
abduction: femur is more lateral relative to midline

35
Q

what may cause the LCL to tear?

A

varus strain causing for adduction of the knee

36
Q

how would a MCL injury be assessed?

A

pressure would be put on the knee on the lateral side towards the medial side

37
Q

how would a LCL injury be assessed?

A

pressure from medial to lateral side

38
Q

what is the main function of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments?

A

limits rotation, medial and lateral dislocations of the knee and ab/adduction of the knee

39
Q

where is the patellar ligament located?

A

from the distal portion of the quadriceps tendon to the tibial tuberosity

40
Q

what are the intracapsular ligaments of the knee?

A
  • anterior cruciate ligament
  • posterior cruciate ligament
  • transverse ligament
  • posterior meniscofermoral ligament
41
Q

if the femur is stationary, what movement is being prevented by the ACL?

A

it prevents the knee joint from moving forward relative to the femur

42
Q

if the femur is stationary, what movement is being prevented by the PCL?

A

it prevents the knee joint from moving posterior relative to the femur

43
Q

if the tibia is stationary, what movement is being prevented by the ACL?

A

it prevents the knee joint from moving posterior relative to the tibia

44
Q

if the tibia is stationary, what movement is being prevented by the PCL?

A

it prevents the knee joint from moving forward relative to the tibia

45
Q

what is the function of ACL and PCL?

A

limits anterior (ACL) and posterior (PCL) translation of tibia relative to femur

46
Q

what does FUMBUL represent?

A

FUM is respective to PCL
orientation forward, upward, medial

BUL is respective to ACLs orientation backwards, upwards, lateral

47
Q

combined together what is the fucntion of ACL and PCL?

A

assist with rotational stability of the knee

48
Q

what test can be used to evaluate the state of the cruciate ligaments?

A

lachman’s test/(anterior/posterior) drawer test

49
Q

what do lachman’s test/ (anterior/posterior) drawer test consist of?

A

posterior drawer test: posterior push on tibia to see how far it translates relative to femur= test for PCL damage

anterior drawer test: push forward on tibia , see how it moves relative to femur= tests for ACL damage

50
Q

what does the transverse ligament of the knee connect?

A

it connects the menisci anteriorly

51
Q

how is the menisci of the knee formed?

A

fibrocartilage

52
Q

what is the role of the menisci in the knee?

A

provides cushioning for the knee and enhances the congruity of the femoral and tibial condylar articulations

53
Q

what is the medial meniscus attached to?

A

MCL

54
Q

how is the medial meniscus shaped?

A

c-shaped

55
Q

what is the lateral meniscus attached to?

A

no attachment to the lateral meniscus

56
Q

is the lateral meniscus mobile or immobile?

A

relatively mobile

57
Q

how is the lateral meniscus shaped?

A

circular, almost a complete O

58
Q

which menisci is more susceptible to injury?

A

the medial menisci

59
Q

when do meniscal tears generally occur?

A

due to sudden extension or rotation of the flexed knee when the leg is fixed

60
Q

what happens in the “unhappy triad”

A
  • lateral force on knee= rupture to MCL and medial meniscus

- in addition, rotational and valgus strain (knee abduction)= ACL ruputure

61
Q

what are the bursae found on the anterior knee?

A

suprapatellar bursa/pouch
prepatella bursa
superficial/deep infrapatellar bursa

62
Q

what is the suprapatellar pouch a continuation of?

A

of the synovival cavity

63
Q

where is the prepatellar bursa located?

A

between the patella and the skin

64
Q

where is the superficial/deep infrapatellar bursa located?

A

on either side of the patellar ligament

65
Q

what is a clinical significance of the suprapatellar pouch?

A

it can be used for steroid injections, it avoids having to inject through the bone directly,

66
Q

what are the bursaes found on the posterior knee?

A
  • medial (2): anserine and semibranosus

- lateral (3)

67
Q

what type of cushioning is found below the patella?

A

infrapatellar fat pad

68
Q

what muscle is directly involved in the unlocking of the knee?

A

popliteus

69
Q

where does popliteus originate and insert?

A

origin: lateral femoral condyle, deep to LCL
inserts: above soleal line of the posterior tibia

70
Q

how does the muscle contract in medial rotation?

A

from insertion to origin

71
Q

during what movement does the medial rotation [when tibia is fixed] (locking) of the knees occur?

A

when going from an extension to a flexion

ex: sitting over table edge when feet hang off

72
Q

during what movement does the lateral rotation [when tibia is fixed] (unlocking) of the knees occur?

A

knee flexion when standing

73
Q

how does the muscle contract in lateral rotation?

A

from origin to insertion

74
Q

what forms the superior medial border of popliteal fossa?

A

semimebranosus and semitendonosus

75
Q

what forms the inferiormedial border of popliteal fossa?

A

medial head of gastrocnemius

76
Q

what forms the superior lateral border of popliteal fossa?

A

biceps femoris

77
Q

what forms the inferior lateral border of popliteal fossa?

A

lateral head of gastrocnemius and plantaris

78
Q

what is contained in the popliteal fossa?

A
  • Popliteal A.
  • Popliteal V.
  • tibial and common fibular n.
79
Q

how do the common fibular and tibial nerve branch off as?

A

lateral and medial sural cutaneous N

ANAT315 post midterm (10 decks)

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