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dmd 5248 > Posterior Pituitary, Thyroid, Repro, GI > Flashcards

Posterior Pituitary, Thyroid, Repro, GI Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two hormones stored in the posterior pituitary

A

ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and Oxytocin

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2
Q

what is the part of the hypothalamus that produces ADH

A

supraoptic nucleus

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3
Q

what is the part of the hypothalamus that produces Oxytocin

A

Paraventricular nucleus

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4
Q

what is vasopressin

A

ADH

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5
Q

what is the function of ADH

A

initiates water reabsorption in the kidneys, increases blood pressure

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6
Q

what causes increased ADH secretion

A

sweating, nicotine, sleeping

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7
Q

what causes decreased ADH secretion

A

alcohol, caffeine, drinking lots of water

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8
Q

what is caused by low ADH levels

A

diabetes insipidus

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9
Q

What is the function of Oxytocin

A

causes uterine contraction, contraction during orgasm, milk let down

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10
Q

what is unique about the oxytocin regulation system

A

it is a positive feedback system

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11
Q

where is the pineal gland, and what does it do

A

it is part of the epithalamus, and it produces melatonin from seratonin.

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12
Q

what is the function of melatonin

A

it helps regulate circadian rhythm, anti-oxidant, inhibits reproductive function (via inhibiting GnRH)

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13
Q

what is the problem caused by pineal tumors which cause low melatonin

A

precocious puberty (early puberty)

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14
Q

What is the anatomy of thyroid follicles

A

a wall of simple cuboidal epithelium, a cavity of viscous colloid. surrounded by capillaries

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15
Q

what is the synthesized by thyroid follicles and stored in the colloid of them

A

thyroglobulin (globular protein)

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16
Q

what is thyroglobulin

A

a globular protein synthesized and stored in thyroid follicles that contains tyrosine, which is the main building block of thyroid hormones

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17
Q

What are the thyroid hormones

A

thyroxine (T4) (tetraiodothyronine)

triiodothyronine (T3)

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18
Q

what is caused by a lack of dietary iodine

A

endemic goiter

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19
Q

what are the target cells of thyroid hormones

A

most cells in the body

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20
Q

what does it mean that thyroid hormones have a calorigenic effect

A

they produce heat

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21
Q

what are the functions of thyroid hormones

A
  1. increases oxygen use and energy use
  2. increases heart rate and contraction force (high bp)
  3. increased sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation
  4. helps sensitivity of respiratory centers to concentration
  5. stimulate erythropoeisis
  6. stimulates endocrine activity
  7. accelerates mineral turnover in bone
22
Q

What does hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis) cause

A

high metabolic rate, weight loss, hyperactivity, always hot, tachycardia, (graves disease - exopthalmos)

23
Q

what is hashimoto thyroiditis

A

hypothyroidism leading to low metabloic rate, weight gain, fatigue, feeling cold

24
Q

what is myxedemia

A

sever hypothyroidism in adults - apathy, slugishness, cold, obese

25
Q

what is cretinism

A

extreme hypothyroidism in children - retardation, short stature, protruding tongue

26
Q

what is calcitonin

A

hormone produced by C (parafollicular) cells, that decreases blood calcium and causes calcium uptake in the bones, and stimulates Ca excretion from the kidneys

27
Q

what are the parathyroid glands

A

four small glands on the posterior of the thyroid gland that produce the parathyroid hormone

28
Q

what is parathyroid hormone

A

a hormone produced in the parathyroid (chief) cells that increases osetoclast activity, increases blood calcium, reabsorption of Ca in the kidneys, stimulates calcitrol from the kidneys (antagonist to calcitonin)

29
Q

What is caused by hyperfunction of the parathyroid

A

osteoporosis, kidney stones, depression

30
Q

what is caused by hypofunction of the parathyroid

A

low blood calcium - muscle cramps, numbness, tetanus, mood swigns

31
Q

which organs have secondary endocrine functions

A

gonads, intestines, kidneys, heart, thymus, and adipose

32
Q

what are the hormones produced by the ovaries

A

estrogens, inhibin, and progestins

33
Q

what are estrogens

A

hormones produces by ovarian follicular cells that stimulate follicle maturation, secondary sex characteristics, and behaviors

34
Q

What is ovarian inhibin

A

a hormone produced by the follicular cells that targets the pituitary gland and inhibits FSH secretion

35
Q

what are progestins

A

hormones produced by the corpus luteum that target the uterus and mammary glands. they prepare the uterus for implantation, and mammary glands for secretion

36
Q

What are the hormones produced by the testis

A

androgens and inhibin

37
Q

what are androgens

A

hormones produced by the interstitial cells of the testis that target most cells and cause the maturation of sperm, secondary sex characteristics, and synthesis of skeletal muscle

38
Q

what is testicular inhibin

A

a hormone produced by the nurse cells of the testis that targets the pituitary gland and inhibits FSH secretion

39
Q

what can excess androgens cause

A

hirsutism or hypretrichosis (excessive hair growth)

40
Q

what are problems with anabolic steroid use

A

liver damage, jaundice, fluid retention, high blood pressure, increased cholesterol, shrinking of testis, baldness, boobs, infertility, stunted height, severe acne

41
Q

what are the hormones of the intestines and what do they do

A

secretin, gastrin, cholecystokinin. they coordinate digestive activities

42
Q

what are the hormones produced by the kidneys

A

Erythropoetin, calcitrol, and renin

43
Q

what is the action of erthyropoetin (EPO)

A

causes blood vessel constriction and increased RBC production in red bone marrow

44
Q

what is the action of calcitrol

A

calcium release from bone, inhibition of parathyroid hormone

45
Q

what is the action of Renin

A

stimulates the renin-angiotensin system
(renin - angiotensin 1 - angiotensin 2 = aldosterone and ADH) decreases water loss, stimulates thirst, increases blood pressure

46
Q

what are the hormones of the heart

A

natriuretic peptides (ANP - atrial) BNP - brain

47
Q

what stimulates the heart to release natriuretic peptides

A

increased blood volume/stretching of the heart

48
Q

what do natriuretic peptides of the heart do

A

increase water and salt loss at kidneys
decrease thirst
supress ADH and aldosterone secretion

49
Q

What is the thymus

A

an organ that atrophies at puberty, but produces thymopoeitin and thymosins in youth

50
Q

what do thymopoietin, and thymosins do

A

coordinates and regulates immune responses

51
Q

what hormone does adipose secrete and what does it do

A

leptin, it targets the hypothalamus and causes suppression of appetite and increased gonadotropin synthesis

dmd 5248 (12 decks)

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