Posterior Pituitary, Thyroid, Repro, GI

Question 1

What are the two hormones stored in the posterior pituitary

Answer 1

ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and Oxytocin

Question 2

what is the part of the hypothalamus that produces ADH

Answer 2

supraoptic nucleus

Question 3

what is the part of the hypothalamus that produces Oxytocin

Answer 3

Paraventricular nucleus

Question 4

what is vasopressin

Answer 4

ADH

Question 5

what is the function of ADH

Answer 5

initiates water reabsorption in the kidneys, increases blood pressure

Question 6

what causes increased ADH secretion

Answer 6

sweating, nicotine, sleeping

Question 7

what causes decreased ADH secretion

Answer 7

alcohol, caffeine, drinking lots of water

Question 8

what is caused by low ADH levels

Answer 8

diabetes insipidus

Question 9

What is the function of Oxytocin

Answer 9

causes uterine contraction, contraction during orgasm, milk let down

Question 10

what is unique about the oxytocin regulation system

Answer 10

it is a positive feedback system

Question 11

where is the pineal gland, and what does it do

Answer 11

it is part of the epithalamus, and it produces melatonin from seratonin.

Question 12

what is the function of melatonin

Answer 12

it helps regulate circadian rhythm, anti-oxidant, inhibits reproductive function (via inhibiting GnRH)

Question 13

what is the problem caused by pineal tumors which cause low melatonin

Answer 13

precocious puberty (early puberty)

Question 14

What is the anatomy of thyroid follicles

Answer 14

a wall of simple cuboidal epithelium, a cavity of viscous colloid. surrounded by capillaries

Question 15

what is the synthesized by thyroid follicles and stored in the colloid of them

Answer 15

thyroglobulin (globular protein)

Question 16

what is thyroglobulin

Answer 16

a globular protein synthesized and stored in thyroid follicles that contains tyrosine, which is the main building block of thyroid hormones

Question 17

What are the thyroid hormones

Answer 17

thyroxine (T4) (tetraiodothyronine)

triiodothyronine (T3)

Question 18

what is caused by a lack of dietary iodine

Answer 18

endemic goiter

Question 19

what are the target cells of thyroid hormones

Answer 19

most cells in the body

Question 20

what does it mean that thyroid hormones have a calorigenic effect

Answer 20

they produce heat

Question 21

what are the functions of thyroid hormones

Answer 21

1. increases oxygen use and energy use
2. increases heart rate and contraction force (high bp)
3. increased sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation
4. helps sensitivity of respiratory centers to concentration
5. stimulate erythropoeisis
6. stimulates endocrine activity
7. accelerates mineral turnover in bone

Question 22

What does hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis) cause

Answer 22

high metabolic rate, weight loss, hyperactivity, always hot, tachycardia, (graves disease - exopthalmos)

Question 23

what is hashimoto thyroiditis

Answer 23

hypothyroidism leading to low metabloic rate, weight gain, fatigue, feeling cold

Question 24

what is myxedemia

Answer 24

sever hypothyroidism in adults - apathy, slugishness, cold, obese

Question 25

what is cretinism

Answer 25

extreme hypothyroidism in children - retardation, short stature, protruding tongue

Question 26

what is calcitonin

Answer 26

hormone produced by C (parafollicular) cells, that decreases blood calcium and causes calcium uptake in the bones, and stimulates Ca excretion from the kidneys

Question 27

what are the parathyroid glands

Answer 27

four small glands on the posterior of the thyroid gland that produce the parathyroid hormone

Question 28

what is parathyroid hormone

Answer 28

a hormone produced in the parathyroid (chief) cells that increases osetoclast activity, increases blood calcium, reabsorption of Ca in the kidneys, stimulates calcitrol from the kidneys (antagonist to calcitonin)

Question 29

What is caused by hyperfunction of the parathyroid

Answer 29

osteoporosis, kidney stones, depression

Question 30

what is caused by hypofunction of the parathyroid

Answer 30

low blood calcium - muscle cramps, numbness, tetanus, mood swigns

Question 31

which organs have secondary endocrine functions

Answer 31

gonads, intestines, kidneys, heart, thymus, and adipose

Question 32

what are the hormones produced by the ovaries

Answer 32

estrogens, inhibin, and progestins

Question 33

what are estrogens

Answer 33

hormones produces by ovarian follicular cells that stimulate follicle maturation, secondary sex characteristics, and behaviors

Question 34

What is ovarian inhibin

Answer 34

a hormone produced by the follicular cells that targets the pituitary gland and inhibits FSH secretion

Question 35

what are progestins

Answer 35

hormones produced by the corpus luteum that target the uterus and mammary glands. they prepare the uterus for implantation, and mammary glands for secretion

Question 36

What are the hormones produced by the testis

Answer 36

androgens and inhibin

Question 37

what are androgens

Answer 37

hormones produced by the interstitial cells of the testis that target most cells and cause the maturation of sperm, secondary sex characteristics, and synthesis of skeletal muscle

Question 38

what is testicular inhibin

Answer 38

a hormone produced by the nurse cells of the testis that targets the pituitary gland and inhibits FSH secretion

Question 39

what can excess androgens cause

Answer 39

hirsutism or hypretrichosis (excessive hair growth)

Question 40

what are problems with anabolic steroid use

Answer 40

liver damage, jaundice, fluid retention, high blood pressure, increased cholesterol, shrinking of testis, baldness, boobs, infertility, stunted height, severe acne

Question 41

what are the hormones of the intestines and what do they do

Answer 41

secretin, gastrin, cholecystokinin. they coordinate digestive activities

Question 42

what are the hormones produced by the kidneys

Answer 42

Erythropoetin, calcitrol, and renin

Question 43

what is the action of erthyropoetin (EPO)

Answer 43

causes blood vessel constriction and increased RBC production in red bone marrow

Question 44

what is the action of calcitrol

Answer 44

calcium release from bone, inhibition of parathyroid hormone

Question 45

what is the action of Renin

Answer 45

stimulates the renin-angiotensin system (renin - angiotensin 1 - angiotensin 2 = aldosterone and ADH) decreases water loss, stimulates thirst, increases blood pressure

Question 46

what are the hormones of the heart

Answer 46

natriuretic peptides (ANP - atrial) BNP - brain

Question 47

what stimulates the heart to release natriuretic peptides

Answer 47

increased blood volume/stretching of the heart

Question 48

what do natriuretic peptides of the heart do

Answer 48

increase water and salt loss at kidneys decrease thirst supress ADH and aldosterone secretion

Question 49

What is the thymus

Answer 49

an organ that atrophies at puberty, but produces thymopoeitin and thymosins in youth

Question 50

what do thymopoietin, and thymosins do

Answer 50

coordinates and regulates immune responses

Question 51

what hormone does adipose secrete and what does it do

Answer 51

leptin, it targets the hypothalamus and causes suppression of appetite and increased gonadotropin synthesis