Brain, Plexi, and ANS Flashcards
what are the two main divisions of the nervous system
sensory nervous system (afferent)
motor nervous system (efferent)
what are the two divisions of the sensory nervous system
somatic sensory
visceral sensory
what are the two divisions of the motor nervous system
somatic motor (voluntary motor) automonic motor (involuntary motor)
what are the 4 main parts of the brain
cerebrum
cerebellum
diencephalon
brainstem
what are the sulci of the cerebrum
longitudinal fissure
central sulcus
lateral sulcus
parietoccipital sulcus
what are the lobes of the cerebrum
frontal - personality, thinking, motor control, emotions, speech
parietal - sensory, spatial orientation, language
temporal - auditory, learning, memory
occipital - vision
insula - taste
what are the pre and post central gyri
precentral gyrus = primary motor cortex
postcentral gyrus = primary somatosensory cortex
What and where is brocas area
the speech center, in the frontal lobe
what and where is wernicke’s area
the general interpretive area, receives info from all sensory areas
what does the left cerebral hemisphere
more common
- reading, writing, math
- decision making
- speech and language
what does the right cerebral hemisphere
senses- touch, smell, sight, taste
recognition of faces, voices
what are the tracts of cerebral white matter
association tracts - go throughout each hemisphere (don’t cross to the other)
commisural tracts - connect left and right hemisphere
projection tracts - down the midbrain, pons, and medulla and into the spinal cord
what are basal nuclei
masses of gray matter embedded in the white matter of the cerebrum
what is alzheimers disease
degenerative disease of the brain leading to memory loss, depresssion, and disorientation. caused by neurofibrillary triangles and beta-amyloid plaques
What are the parts of the diencephalon
hypothalamus
epithalamus (habenula and pineal gland)
thalamus
what is the function of the thalamus
relay station for motor and sensory information entering the cerebrum
What are the functions of the hypothalamus
BEETSHAM behavior endocrine emotion temperature sleep/wake cycles Hunger/thirst autonomic control memory
what does the pineal gland do
controls circadian rhythms
what are the functions of the medulla
reflexes, allow brain and spinal cord to communicate
what is the main function of the pons
modify respiratory rhythmycity and activity
What are the parts of the limbic system
hippocampus
parahippocampal gyrus
cingulate gyrus
what is the function of the limbic system
its the emotional brain, involved in motivation, emotion, and memory
what are the arteries that supply the brain with blood
vertebral artery (branch of subclavian) internal carotid artery (branch of common carotid) they connect at the cerebral arterial circle
how do the vertebral arteries get from subclavian to the brain
it branches off of the subclavian then travels through the tranverse foramina or C1-C6, enters through the foramen magnum, then the two merge and turn into the basilar artery
what are the branches off of the internal carotid artery
opthalmic artery
posterior communicating artery
middle cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery
What is another name for the cerebral arterial circle
the circle of willis
what are the 5 components of the circle of willis
Anterior cerebral artery Anterior communicating artery internal carotid artery posterior cerebral artery posterior communicating artery
what are the functions of the meninges
separate the brain from the skull
enclose and protect blood vessels supplying the brain
contain and circulate CSF
What are the four dural septa
falx cerebri (between cerebral hemispheres) tentorium cerebelli (separates cerebellum and cerebrum) Falx cerebelli (between cerebellar hemispheres) Diphragma sellae (covers sella turcica, infundibulum travels through it)
what are the 4 dural venous sinuses
superior sagittal
inferior sagittal
straight sinus
confluence of sinuses
what are the three meningeal arteries, and which is most important
middle meningeal artery (largest and most important)
anterior meningeal artyer
posterior membingeal artery
What are the brain ventricles
1 = lateral ventricles 2 = interventricular foramen 3 = third ventricle 4 = cerebral aqueduct 5 = fourth ventricle
Where does CSF come from, and what are its functions
it is produced in the choroid plexus
it circulates through the ventricles and subarachnoid space
in it the brain is buoyant, it protects the brain, and maintains a stable environment for the brain
what are arachnoid trabechulae
places where CSF moves out of the subarachnoid space, then into circulation
what is hydrocephalus
when CSF is blocked, can’t drain, or overproduced and the skull fills with CSF. Treated with a shunt or removal of the third ventricle
What is the ANS
autonomic nervous system
- involuntary
- controls visceral effectors
- coordinate systems
what are the divisions of the ANS
sympathetic
parasympathetic
enteric
how many sensory and motor neurons are in the somatic nervous system and ANS
1 somatic sensory and 1 somatic motor in the somatic nervous system
1 visceral sensory and 2 autonomic motor in the ANS
what are the names of the 2 autonomic motor neurons in the ANS
preganglionic and postganglionic (ganglionic) neuron
what are the two divisions of the ANS
sympathetic division
parasympathetic division
what are the pre and post ganglionic neurons like in the sympathetic and parasympathetic
Sympathetic Preganglionic - short, myelinated, and branched Sympathetic postganlionic - long, unmyelinated, and unbranched Parasympathetic Preganglionic - long, myelinated, unbranched Parasympathetic postganglionic - short, unmyelinated, and branched
what is another name for the sympathetic division and where does it originate
it is called the thoracolumbar division because it originates T1-L2 of the spinal cord
What is another name for the parasympathetic division and where does it originate
it is called the craniosacral division because it originates in the brainstem (CN III, VII, IX, X) and sacral spinal cord
What are the functions of the sympathetic division
fight or flight, activated in emergencies, when excited, or when stressed. it increases alertness, metabolic rate, and muscular abilities
What are the functions of the parasympathetic division
rest and digest, conserves energy and replenishes energy stores. it reduces metabolic rate and promotes digestion
how does the parasympathetic affect heart rate
it decreases heart rate with ACh
how does the sympathetic affect heart rate
it increases heart rate with NE
what are the three places that sympathetic neurons go after they leave the spinal cord
sympathetic chain ganglia (Pairs on either side of the spine)
collateral ganglia (unpaired, anterior to vertebral bodies)
Adrenal medulla
where do the sympathetic neurons go after the sympathetic chain ganglia
organs in the thoracic cavity and head
where do the sympathetic neurons go after the collateral ganglia
organs in the abdominopelvic region
what are the ganglia in the chain ganglia
3 cervical ganglia 10-12 thoracic ganglia 4-5 lumbar ganglia 4-5 sacral ganglia 1 coccygeal ganglion
What does the superior cervical sympathetic ganglia innervate
they eye and the salivary glands (as well as a portion to the heart and lungs - along with other ganglia)
how do the sympathetic neurons get to the head
they start at the superior cervical ganglia and they wrap around the internal carotid artery and form the carotid plexus
what cranial nerves make up the cranial portion of the parasympatheic nervous system
CN III
CN VII
CN IX
CNX
what ganglia do each of the cranial nerves that make up the parasympathetic nervous system go after they leave the CNS, and where do they go after
CN III goes to the ciliary ganglion, then to the intrinsic eye
CNXII goes to the pteryopalatine and submandibular ganglion, then to the salivary glands and lacrimal glands
CNIX goes to the otic ganglion, then goes to the parotid gland
CNX goes to the intramural ganglion, then to the visceral organs of the thoracic cavity and upper abdominal cavity
What is the enteric NErvous system
third ANS division with a net of nerves in the digestive tract walls that coordinates complex visceral reflexes
what are the types of receptors in the ANS
nicotinic (ACh) receptors are in between pre and post ganglionic neurons for both para and sympathetic neurons
muscarinic (ACh) receptors are the receptors on target organs of the parasympathetic
Adrenergic (NE/E) receptors are the receptors on target organisms of the sympathetic
nicotinic receptors are always excitatory
yep
Muscarinic receptors are always excitatory
NO, they can be both excitatory and inhibitory
what are the alpha adrenergic receptors like
NE stimulates them better than Beta receptors
Alpha 1 is excitatory (more common)
Alpha 2 is inhibitory (it inhibits parasympathetic)
what are the beta adrenegric receptors like
Beta 1 increases metabolic activity
Beta 2 triggers relaxation of smooth respiratory muslces
Beta 3 leads to lipolysis
When do sympathetic postganglionic neurons use cholinergic or nitroxidergic receptors
cholinergic to dilate vessels of skeletal muscles and brain, and sweat gland stimulation
nitroxidergic to dilate the vessels of skeletal muscles and brain
What are the four main plexuses
cervical
brachial
lumbar
sacral
What nerves come off of the cervical plexus
lesser occipital nerve Great auricular nerve Transverse cervical nerve supraclavicular nerve Phrenic nerve
What are the major nerves of the brachial plexus
musculocutaneous median nerve ulnar nerve axillary nerve radial nerve
