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dmd 5248 > Brain, Plexi, and ANS > Flashcards

Brain, Plexi, and ANS Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two main divisions of the nervous system

A

sensory nervous system (afferent)

motor nervous system (efferent)

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2
Q

what are the two divisions of the sensory nervous system

A

somatic sensory

visceral sensory

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3
Q

what are the two divisions of the motor nervous system

A 
somatic motor (voluntary motor)
automonic motor (involuntary motor)
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4
Q

what are the 4 main parts of the brain

A

cerebrum
cerebellum
diencephalon
brainstem

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5
Q

what are the sulci of the cerebrum

A

longitudinal fissure
central sulcus
lateral sulcus
parietoccipital sulcus

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6
Q

what are the lobes of the cerebrum

A

frontal - personality, thinking, motor control, emotions, speech
parietal - sensory, spatial orientation, language
temporal - auditory, learning, memory
occipital - vision
insula - taste

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7
Q

what are the pre and post central gyri

A

precentral gyrus = primary motor cortex

postcentral gyrus = primary somatosensory cortex

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8
Q

What and where is brocas area

A

the speech center, in the frontal lobe

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9
Q

what and where is wernicke’s area

A

the general interpretive area, receives info from all sensory areas

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10
Q

what does the left cerebral hemisphere

A

more common

  • reading, writing, math
  • decision making
  • speech and language
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11
Q

what does the right cerebral hemisphere

A

senses- touch, smell, sight, taste

recognition of faces, voices

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12
Q

what are the tracts of cerebral white matter

A

association tracts - go throughout each hemisphere (don’t cross to the other)
commisural tracts - connect left and right hemisphere
projection tracts - down the midbrain, pons, and medulla and into the spinal cord

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13
Q

what are basal nuclei

A

masses of gray matter embedded in the white matter of the cerebrum

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14
Q

what is alzheimers disease

A

degenerative disease of the brain leading to memory loss, depresssion, and disorientation. caused by neurofibrillary triangles and beta-amyloid plaques

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15
Q

What are the parts of the diencephalon

A

hypothalamus
epithalamus (habenula and pineal gland)
thalamus

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16
Q

what is the function of the thalamus

A

relay station for motor and sensory information entering the cerebrum

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17
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus

A 
BEETSHAM
behavior 
endocrine
emotion
temperature
sleep/wake cycles
Hunger/thirst
autonomic control
memory
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18
Q

what does the pineal gland do

A

controls circadian rhythms

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19
Q

what are the functions of the medulla

A

reflexes, allow brain and spinal cord to communicate

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20
Q

what is the main function of the pons

A

modify respiratory rhythmycity and activity

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21
Q

What are the parts of the limbic system

A

hippocampus
parahippocampal gyrus
cingulate gyrus

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22
Q

what is the function of the limbic system

A

its the emotional brain, involved in motivation, emotion, and memory

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23
Q

what are the arteries that supply the brain with blood

A 
vertebral artery (branch of subclavian)
internal carotid artery (branch of common carotid)
they connect at the cerebral arterial circle
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24
Q

how do the vertebral arteries get from subclavian to the brain

A

it branches off of the subclavian then travels through the tranverse foramina or C1-C6, enters through the foramen magnum, then the two merge and turn into the basilar artery

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25
Q

what are the branches off of the internal carotid artery

A

opthalmic artery
posterior communicating artery
middle cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery

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26
Q

What is another name for the cerebral arterial circle

A

the circle of willis

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27
Q

what are the 5 components of the circle of willis

A 
Anterior cerebral artery
Anterior communicating artery
internal carotid artery
posterior cerebral artery
posterior communicating artery
28
Q

what are the functions of the meninges

A

separate the brain from the skull
enclose and protect blood vessels supplying the brain
contain and circulate CSF

29
Q

What are the four dural septa

A 
falx cerebri (between cerebral hemispheres)
tentorium cerebelli (separates cerebellum and cerebrum)
Falx cerebelli (between cerebellar hemispheres)
Diphragma sellae (covers sella turcica, infundibulum travels through it)
30
Q

what are the 4 dural venous sinuses

A

superior sagittal
inferior sagittal
straight sinus
confluence of sinuses

31
Q

what are the three meningeal arteries, and which is most important

A

middle meningeal artery (largest and most important)
anterior meningeal artyer
posterior membingeal artery

32
Q

What are the brain ventricles

A 
1 = lateral ventricles
2 = interventricular foramen
3 = third ventricle 
4 = cerebral aqueduct
5 = fourth ventricle
33
Q

Where does CSF come from, and what are its functions

A

it is produced in the choroid plexus
it circulates through the ventricles and subarachnoid space
in it the brain is buoyant, it protects the brain, and maintains a stable environment for the brain

34
Q

what are arachnoid trabechulae

A

places where CSF moves out of the subarachnoid space, then into circulation

35
Q

what is hydrocephalus

A

when CSF is blocked, can’t drain, or overproduced and the skull fills with CSF. Treated with a shunt or removal of the third ventricle

36
Q

What is the ANS

A

autonomic nervous system

  • involuntary
  • controls visceral effectors
  • coordinate systems
37
Q

what are the divisions of the ANS

A

sympathetic
parasympathetic
enteric

38
Q

how many sensory and motor neurons are in the somatic nervous system and ANS

A

1 somatic sensory and 1 somatic motor in the somatic nervous system
1 visceral sensory and 2 autonomic motor in the ANS

39
Q

what are the names of the 2 autonomic motor neurons in the ANS

A

preganglionic and postganglionic (ganglionic) neuron

40
Q

what are the two divisions of the ANS

A

sympathetic division

parasympathetic division

41
Q

what are the pre and post ganglionic neurons like in the sympathetic and parasympathetic

A 
Sympathetic Preganglionic
- short, myelinated, and branched
Sympathetic postganlionic
- long, unmyelinated, and unbranched
Parasympathetic Preganglionic
- long, myelinated, unbranched
Parasympathetic postganglionic
- short, unmyelinated, and branched
42
Q

what is another name for the sympathetic division and where does it originate

A

it is called the thoracolumbar division because it originates T1-L2 of the spinal cord

43
Q

What is another name for the parasympathetic division and where does it originate

A

it is called the craniosacral division because it originates in the brainstem (CN III, VII, IX, X) and sacral spinal cord

44
Q

What are the functions of the sympathetic division

A

fight or flight, activated in emergencies, when excited, or when stressed. it increases alertness, metabolic rate, and muscular abilities

45
Q

What are the functions of the parasympathetic division

A

rest and digest, conserves energy and replenishes energy stores. it reduces metabolic rate and promotes digestion

46
Q

how does the parasympathetic affect heart rate

A

it decreases heart rate with ACh

47
Q

how does the sympathetic affect heart rate

A

it increases heart rate with NE

48
Q

what are the three places that sympathetic neurons go after they leave the spinal cord

A

sympathetic chain ganglia (Pairs on either side of the spine)
collateral ganglia (unpaired, anterior to vertebral bodies)
Adrenal medulla

49
Q

where do the sympathetic neurons go after the sympathetic chain ganglia

A

organs in the thoracic cavity and head

50
Q

where do the sympathetic neurons go after the collateral ganglia

A

organs in the abdominopelvic region

51
Q

what are the ganglia in the chain ganglia

A 
3 cervical ganglia
10-12 thoracic ganglia
4-5 lumbar ganglia
4-5 sacral ganglia
1 coccygeal ganglion
52
Q

What does the superior cervical sympathetic ganglia innervate

A

they eye and the salivary glands (as well as a portion to the heart and lungs - along with other ganglia)

53
Q

how do the sympathetic neurons get to the head

A

they start at the superior cervical ganglia and they wrap around the internal carotid artery and form the carotid plexus

54
Q

what cranial nerves make up the cranial portion of the parasympatheic nervous system

A

CN III
CN VII
CN IX
CNX

55
Q

what ganglia do each of the cranial nerves that make up the parasympathetic nervous system go after they leave the CNS, and where do they go after

A

CN III goes to the ciliary ganglion, then to the intrinsic eye
CNXII goes to the pteryopalatine and submandibular ganglion, then to the salivary glands and lacrimal glands
CNIX goes to the otic ganglion, then goes to the parotid gland
CNX goes to the intramural ganglion, then to the visceral organs of the thoracic cavity and upper abdominal cavity

56
Q

What is the enteric NErvous system

A

third ANS division with a net of nerves in the digestive tract walls that coordinates complex visceral reflexes

57
Q

what are the types of receptors in the ANS

A

nicotinic (ACh) receptors are in between pre and post ganglionic neurons for both para and sympathetic neurons
muscarinic (ACh) receptors are the receptors on target organs of the parasympathetic
Adrenergic (NE/E) receptors are the receptors on target organisms of the sympathetic

58
Q

nicotinic receptors are always excitatory

A

yep

59
Q

Muscarinic receptors are always excitatory

A

NO, they can be both excitatory and inhibitory

60
Q

what are the alpha adrenergic receptors like

A

NE stimulates them better than Beta receptors
Alpha 1 is excitatory (more common)
Alpha 2 is inhibitory (it inhibits parasympathetic)

61
Q

what are the beta adrenegric receptors like

A

Beta 1 increases metabolic activity
Beta 2 triggers relaxation of smooth respiratory muslces
Beta 3 leads to lipolysis

62
Q

When do sympathetic postganglionic neurons use cholinergic or nitroxidergic receptors

A

cholinergic to dilate vessels of skeletal muscles and brain, and sweat gland stimulation
nitroxidergic to dilate the vessels of skeletal muscles and brain

63
Q

What are the four main plexuses

A

cervical
brachial
lumbar
sacral

64
Q

What nerves come off of the cervical plexus

A 
lesser occipital nerve
Great auricular nerve
Transverse cervical nerve
supraclavicular nerve
Phrenic nerve
65
Q

What are the major nerves of the brachial plexus

A 
musculocutaneous
median nerve
ulnar nerve
axillary nerve
radial nerve

dmd 5248 (12 decks)

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