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dmd 5248 > Embryology: Neurulation & Neural Crest, Histology: Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Embryology: Neurulation & Neural Crest, Histology: Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is the somatic nervous system

A

the nervous system that innervates the skin and most skeletal muscle

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2
Q

what is the visceral (autonomic) nervous system

A

the nervous system that innervates the viscera, smooth muscle, and glands

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3
Q

what are the divisions of the visceral/autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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4
Q

What are the steps in the formation of the neural tube

A
  1. thickening of neural plate
  2. elongation of neural plate
  3. lateral folding
  4. fusion of opposing neural folds
  5. separation from overlying ectoderm
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5
Q 
what is the role of each of these structures in neural tube formation:
notochord
neural groove
neural crest
median hinge point
lateral hinge point
neural crest cells
A

notochord - lies below the neural groove and signals the formation of the following structures
neural groove - cells that form the first invagination of the neural tube
neural crest - cells that come together to complete the tube formation (remain as free cells outside of tube)
median hinge point - first fold point of the tube
lateral hinge point - two lateral points of folding that bring the neural crests together

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6
Q

What are the different primary CNS segments

A
  1. prosencephalon (forebrain)
  2. mesencephalon (midbrain)
  3. rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
    spinal cord
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7
Q

how many folds are there in the primary CNS

A

2 (cephalic and cervical)

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8
Q

what are rhombomeres

A

different segments of the hindbrain caused by HOX genes

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9
Q

What are the secondary CNS segments

A 
Prosencephalon
1. telencephalon
2. diencephalon
3. Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon
4. metencephalon
5. myelencephalon
spinal cord
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10
Q

how many folds are there in the secondary CNS

A

3 (mesencephalic, cervical, pontine)

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11
Q

What does the telencephalon develop into (and the neural canal in that area)

A

cerebral hemispheres (lateral ventricles)

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12
Q

What does the diencephalon develop into (and the neural canal in that area)

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, eyes (3rd ventricle)

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13
Q

what does the mesencephalon develop into (and the neural canal in that area)

A

anterior (visual) and posterior (auditory) colliculi (cerebral aquedcut

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14
Q

What does the metencephalon develop into

A

cerebellum, pons

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15
Q

what does the myelencephalon develop into

A

medulla oblongata

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16
Q

What happens at the external limiting membrane of the neural tube, and what happens at the lumen side of the neural tube

A

DNA synthesis occurs at the external limiting membrane

mitotic division occurs at the lumen side

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17
Q

What is the first progenitor cell in the CNS

A

neuroepithelium

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18
Q

what are the steps of differentiation of CNS cells

A
  1. neuroepithelium
  2. multipotential stem cell
  3. Bipotential progenitor cell
    4a. neuronal lineage progenitor cell
    - mature neuron
    - microglial cell
    4b. Glial lineage progenitor cell
    - oligodendrocyte
    - type 2 astrocyte
    - type 1 astrocyte
    - special glial cells
    - ependymal cells
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19
Q

What happens in the development of mature neuron

A

they have outgrowths called filopodia that extend and retract (testing the environment) that develop into axons and dendrites

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20
Q

what are the two divisions of the brain

A

brain stem = myelencephalon, pons, and mesencephalon

higher centers = cerebellum and forebrain

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21
Q

what are the steps in the development of the thalamus and hypothalamus (pineal gland)

A
  1. swellings on the inner diencephalon with the hypothalamic sulcus between them
  2. sulcus dorsus separates the thalamus from the epithalamic swelling
  3. thalamic swellings grow and connect via interthalamic adhesions
  4. pineal gland forms from a midline diverticulum off of the epithalamic roof plate
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22
Q

what are the steps in the development of the pituitary gland

A
  1. infundibulum develops from the floor of the 3rd ventricle
  2. Rathkes pouch forms from the ectoderm lined space near future mouth
  3. move toward each other. and join
  4. rathkes pouch breaks off
  5. both move into the sella turcica
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23
Q

what forms the anterior pituitary, and what forms the posterior pituitary

A

infundibulum turns into posterior pit

rathkes pouch turns into anterior pit

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24
Q

what is the mesencephalon largely made up of

A

white matter, tracts that connect the forebrain and hindbrain

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25
Q

What does the lumen of the neural tube associated with the mesencephalon develop into

A

the cerebral aqueduct

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26
Q

what happens if the cerebral aqueduct becomes blocked

A

hydrocephalus (fluid accumulation in the brain)

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27
Q

what things develop into the pons

A

rhabdomeres 1 and 2 and cerebellum

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28
Q

what is the function of the pons

A

relay signals linking the spinal cord with the cerebral cortex and cerebellum

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29
Q

what are the pontine nuclei

A

the part of the pons that relays input from the cerebrum to the cerebellum

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30
Q

What things develop into the cerebellum

A

metencephalon and the adjacent rhombic lips

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31
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum

A

center for balance and posture

32
Q

what are the steps in formation of the cerebellum

A
  1. paired cerebellar plates form
  2. cranial portions meet and cover 4th ventricle
  3. dumbell shaped swelling forms
  4. cranial and caudal portions are separated by posterolateral fissure
  5. fissures, folding = lobes with transverse fissures and vermis
33
Q

what develops into the medulla oblongata

A

the myelencephalon (rhabdomeres 3-8)

34
Q

what is the function of the medulla oblongata

A

it is the relay center between the spinal cord and higher brain centers

35
Q

what does the medulla oblongata regulate

A

respiration, heartbeat, reflex movements

36
Q

What are the steps in formation of the peripheral nerves

A
  1. outgrowth of axons from motor neuroblasts in the basal plate
  2. neural crest cells form the spinal ganlion with their axons growing toward the dorsal horn and their dendrites growing toward periphery
  3. interneurons grow between sensory nerve termination and motor neurons
  4. reflex arc forms (sensory information leading strait into motor response)
37
Q

what forms all sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia

A

neural crest cells

38
Q

What is hirschsprungs disease

A

when NCC’s fail to colonize in the wall of lower colon (parasympathtic) which means there is no parasympathetic innervation which means no peristalsis which means constipation

39
Q

What is myelination and how does it happen

A

it is when a schwann cell (NCC derivative) wraps around the nerve and insulates it

40
Q

what happens with unmyelinated cells

A

they are embedded in non-spiral schwann cells

41
Q

what are the two main kinds of peripheral neuropathies

A

axonal degeneration and demyelination

42
Q

what type of peripheral neuropathy is charcot-marie-tooth

A

demyelinating (slows nerve conduction)

43
Q

what is a neurite

A

an outgrowth, axon or dendrite

44
Q

what are the steps in the growth of an axon

A
  1. pioneering axon grows to a target
  2. other axons follow
  3. a bundle of axons form (fascicles)
45
Q

Where do NCC’s originate from

A

the lateral margins of the neural plate

46
Q

How do NCC’s migrate?

A

as mesenchymal cells, they change their shape, lose CAMS, and gain integrins. they travel through well defined pathways (CAMS come back upon destination)

47
Q

what determines differentiation of NCC’s

A

environment determined upon arrival, internal factors before migration

48
Q

what are the three main divisions of NCCS

A
  1. crainial
  2. circumpharyngeal
  3. Trunk
49
Q

what are the things to remember about cranial NCC’s

A

they leave before the neural tube closes
the origin specifies the destination
they are responsible for the tissues of the facial region

50
Q

what are the things to remember about circumpharyngeal NCC’s

A

they migrate in two groups (vagal and cardiac)
Vagal - migrate into gut and are precursors to parasympathetic innervation
Cardiac - outflow of the heart and great vessels, associate with thymus, thyroid and parathyroid

51
Q

what are the things to remember about trunk NCC’s

A

they leave after the neural tube closes
they migrate in three pathways (dorsolateral, ventrolateral, ventral)
dorsolateral - melanocytes
ventrolateral - sensory ganglia
ventral - adrenal chromaffin cells, sympathetic ganglia and neurons

52
Q

what are neurocristopathies

A

defects of NCC development

53
Q

what is neurofibromatosis

A

peripheral nerve tumors

54
Q

what is albinism

A

pigmentation defect

55
Q

what is diGeorge syndrome

A

defects in development of craniofacial and cardiovascular system

56
Q

what causes the nervous system to work

A

action potentials send messages to the body

57
Q

what are the components of the nervous system

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves, supporting cells

58
Q

what are the divisions of the Nervous system

A 
CNS
PNS
- sensory
   - somatic
   - visceral
- motor
   - somatic
   - autonomic
      - para, and sympathetic
59
Q

what do neuroglial cells do

A

provide neuronal support and nutrition
maintain homeostasis
forms myelin
participates in transmission

60
Q

what are the 4 neuron characteristics

A

conducting potential
longevity
amitotic
high metabolic rate

61
Q

What is the soma

A

cell body (nucleus and organelles), they make up the gray matter

62
Q

what are clusters of cell bodies called in the CNS and PNS

A 
CNS = nuclei
PNS = ganglia
63
Q

what is a synapse

A

the junction where an axon bulb interacts with another neuron or effector organ

64
Q

what are the three main parts of a synapse

A

presynaptic neuron
synaptic cleft
postsynaptic neuron

65
Q

what is the resting potential of a neuron

A

-70 mV

66
Q

What are bipolar neurons for

A

special senses

67
Q

what are unipolar neurons for

A

sensory PNS, taste

68
Q

what are multipolar neurons for

A

motor neurons and interneurons

69
Q

what are the 6 types of glial cells

A

astrocytes - most common (blood brain barrier, assists in migration)
oligodendrocytes (produce myelin for many neurons)
microglia (macrophages of the CNS)
ependymal cells (line the fluid filled ventricles, create CSF, move it with cilia)
schwann cells (PNS myelination)
satellite cells (surrounds cells in the ganglia, stucture and metabolic help)

70
Q

what are the layers of PNS connective tissue coverings

A

endoneurium (surrounds axons)
perineurium (holds groups of fibers into fascicles)
epineurium (holds the fascicles together)

71
Q

What are the three meningous layers

A

Dura mater - dense simple squamous epithelium
Arachnoid mater - trabeculae attach to pia, create space, hydraulic cushion, no Blood vessels
Pia mater - many blood vessels

72
Q

What are the layers of the cerebrum from superficial to deep

A 
molecular
external granular
outer pyrimidal
inner granular
inner pyrimidal 
multiform
73
Q

what are the two layers of the cerebellum

A

cortex - outer molecular - inner granular

medulla - white matter and glial cells

74
Q

where does the spinal cord end

A

between the 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebrae

75
Q

what are PNS nerve fibers, nerves,

A

nerve fibers are individual cell axons

nerves are bundles of nerve fibers

76
Q

how many peripheral nerves are there

A

12 cranial nerve pairs

31 spinal nerve pairs

dmd 5248 (12 decks)

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