Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Endocrine System > Posterior Pituitary (ARROYO) > Flashcards

Posterior Pituitary (ARROYO) Flashcards

1
Q

The posterior pituitary gland is composed mainly of cells called “_______”, which act as packing and supporting cells.

A

Pituicytes: act as packing and supporting cells

  • stores and releases hormones into the close capillaries
  • these hormones are produced in hypothalamus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What two hormones does the Posterior Pituitary release?

A

ADH (vasopressin) and Oxytocin

note: these two hormones are produced in the hypothalamus and secreted from the posterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

_______ and _______ are manufactured in the hypothalamus, but released in the posterior pituitary.

A

Oxytocin and Vasopressin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What type of hormones is vasopressin and oxytocin?

A

Polypeptide hormones

note: both are transported slowly along the ‘hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract’ in combination with carrier protein called ‘neurophysin’, to the nerve endings in the posterior pituitary gland where they are stored

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is produced in the hypothalamus and activates what two second messenger systems?

A
  1. cAMP
  2. IP3/Ca2+
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 2 main effects of ADH?

A
  1. increases water re-absorption (retention) by distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidneys, which decreases osmotic pressure of the blood
    * this effect is regulated through the action of cAMP
  2. Contraction of vascular smooth muscles —> generalized vasoconstriction
    * this effect is regulated through the action of IP3/Ca2+
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Discuss the control of ADH:

A
  1. Increase in osmotic pressure of the ECF (increase in plasma molality), as in dehydration which will stimulate the hypothalamus to increase ADH

  1. A decrease in blood volume > 10% causes an increase in ADH
  2. decrease in arterial blood pressure due to decreased blood volume causes an increase in ADH
  3. Age causes an increase in ADH secretion —> water retention and hyponatremia
  4. Pain, emotional stress and physical trauma —> increase ADH secretion
  5. Drugs, e.g. morphine, barbiturates and nicotine increase ADH secretion
  6. Alcohol causes an increase in ADH secretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hypersecretion of ADH can lead to ________.

A

Syndrome of inappropriate Anti-Diuretic Hormone (SIADH)

  • occurrs when there is over secretion of ADH from posterior pituitary
  • causes a decrease in Na+

Symptoms include:

  • thirst
  • muscle weakness
  • muscle cramps
  • diarrhea

If Na levels worsens, development of neurological manifestations:

  • lethargy
  • decrease tendon flexes
  • abdominal cramping, vomiting
  • coma
  • seizures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hyposecretion of ADH, which causes a lack of ADH can lead to ________.

A

Diabetes insipidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

__________ is produced mainly in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.

A

Oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of Oxytocin?

A

Function of oxytocin:

  1. contraction of smooth muscles of the uterus to enhance labor
  2. contraction of mammary gland myoepithelial cells of the alveoli and the ducts —> ejection of milk as a reflex in lactating women
  3. increases ejaculation in men

Remember: oxytocin is concerned w/ releasing or ejection of milk, while prolactin is concerned with synthesis and production of milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What type of feedback is observed with the hormone Oxytocin?

A. Positive feedback

B. Negative feedback

A

A. Positive feedback

  • Uterine contractions
    • Pitocin
  • Male/female smooth muscle contraction during orgasm
  • Milk let-down

The more the baby sucks on the nipples the more oxytocin is released (positive-feedback)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Discuss the control of oxytocin release (6):

A
  1. stimulation of nipple (suckling reflex) = increases oxytocin secretion
  2. visual or auditory stimuli from the baby = increases oxytocin secretion
  3. distension of uterus and stretching of cervix during delivery = increases oxytocin release
  4. psychological and emotional factors e.g. fear, anxiet, pain = decrease in oxytocin secretion
  5. alcohol = decrease oxytocin secretion
  6. Hormone:
  • progesterone = decreases uterine sensitivity to oxytocin
  • estrogen causes an increase in uterine sensitivity to oxytocin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Discuss the Pineal gland:

  • part of the ________.
  • what type of cells and what do they produce?
    • made from ______.
  • Helps regulate ________
    • SAD?
  • Protects against damage by free radicals:
  • Inhibits what 3 reproductive functions?
A

Pineal gland:

  • part of the epithalamus
  • Pinealocytes produce melatonin
  • made from seratonin
  • helps regulate circadian rhythm
    • increased secretion in the dark can lead to seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
  • Protects agains damage by free radicals (antioxidant)
  • inhibits reproductive functions
    • inhibits release of HnRH
    • levels decrease at puberty
    • pineal tumors can cause precocious puberty
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What hormone does the Pineal gland produce?

A

Melatonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Discuss the thyroid gland:

  • What shape is it?
  • Where is it located?
  • known as the _______.
  • What are its actions?
A

Thyroid gland

  • Butterfly shaped
  • inferior to larynx
  • largest pure endocrine organ
  • Actions:
    • controls metabolic rate
    • required for normal growth and development
17
Q

What two hormones does the Thyroid gland produce and what do those hormones do?

A

Thyroid hormone = increases metabolic rate

Calcitonin = lowers level of blood Ca by decreasing osteoclast activity and increasing osteoblast activity

18
Q

What does Calcitonin do to blood Ca levels?

A

decreases it

19
Q

Lack of dietary iodine can result in _______.

A

goiter

20
Q

Discuss Hyperthyroidism:

A

Hyperthyroidism:

  • excessive TH production
  • High metabolic rate, weight loss, hyperactivity, always feeling hot, tachycardia
  • Grave’s disease
    • Exopthalmos (bulging eyes)
  • Enlargement of thyroid gland (goiter)
  • Change in menstrual cycles
  • Erectile dysfunction or libido
  • Frequent bowel movements
  • Bulging eyes (Graves’ ophthalmopathy)
21
Q

Discuss Hypothyroidism:

A

Hypothyroidism

  • Hashimoto thyroiditis
    • decreased production of TH
    • low metabolic rate, weight gain, fatigue and always feeling cold
  • Myxedema
    • extreme hypothyroidism in adults
    • general apathy, mental sluggishness, cold intolerance, obese, decreased bowel activity
22
Q

Hypothyroidism in adults is termed:

A. Myxedema

B. Cretinism

A

A. Myxedema

23
Q

Hypothyroidism in children is termed:

A. Myxedema

B. Cretinism

A

B. Cretinism

Cretinism:

  • extreme hypothyroidism in children
  • retardation of mental faculties, short stature, and protruding tongue
24
Q

Discuss the Parathyroid gland:

A

Parathyroid gland

  • four glands on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
  • produces PTH (parathyroid hormone)
  • Functions:
    • increases osteoclastic activity and decreases osteoblast activity
    • increases blood concentration of Ca2+
    • Enhances reabsorption of Ca2+ at kidneys
25
Q

Which of the following causes an increase in blood calcium levels?

A. Calcitriol

B. Calcitonin

C. PTH

D. none of the above

A

C. PTH

26
Q

Hyperfunction of the parathyroid (PTH) may result in all of the following EXCEPT:

A. osteoporosis

B. kidney stones

C. depression

D. Tetanus

E. All of the above may result from hyperfunction of parathyroid

A

D. Tetanus

Low blood calcium:

  • muscle cramps
  • numbness and tingling
  • tetanus
  • weak
  • mood swings
  • brittle hair and nails
27
Q

What are the 6 organs that have secondary endocrine functions?

A
  1. gonads
  2. intestines
  3. kidneys
  4. heart
  5. thymus
  6. adipose tissue
28
Q

Discuss the Gonads in regards to the Ovaries:

A

Gonads: Ovaries

  • Estrogen
    • produced by follicular cells
    • support follicle maturation, secondary sex characteristics and behaviors
  • Inhibin
    • produces by follicular cells
    • targets pituitary gland
    • inhibits secretion of FSH
  • Progestins:
    • produced by corpus luteum
    • targets uterus and mammary glands
    • prepared uterus for implantation of mammary glands for secretion
29
Q

Discuss the Gonads in regards to the Testes:

A

Gonads: Testes

  • Androgens
    • produced byu interstitial cells
    • maturation of sperm, secondary sex characteristics, behaviors and synthesis of skeletal muscle
  • Inhibin
    • produced by nurse cells
    • targets pituitary gland
    • inhibits secretions of FSH
30
Q

Abnormal increases in testosterone may lead to ________.

A

Hirsutism or hypertrichosis (excessive hair growth)

31
Q

Discuss the Intestines:

A

Intestines

  • Many hormones including:
    • secretin
    • gastrin
    • cholecystokinin
  • Taget digestive organs
  • coordinate digestive activities
32
Q

Discuss the Kidneys:

  • What 3 hormones does it secrete?
A

Kidneys

  • Erythropoietin (EPO)
    • targets red bone marrow causing increased production of RBCs
  • Calcitriol (type of vitamin D)
    • targets intestinal lining, bones and kidneys
    • calcium release from bone, inihibits PTH secretion
  • Renin
    • stimulate aldosterone and ADH release
33
Q

Which of the following does the kidneys secrete?

A. calcitonin

B. calcitriol

C. PTH

D. if you choose C then ur an idiot

A

B. calcitriol

34
Q

Discuss the heart:

  • What hormone does the heart produce and what is the function of this hormone?
A

Heart

  • Natriuretic peptides
    • stimulated bu increased blood volume stretching the tissues of the heart
    • targets the kidney, hypothalamus and adrenal gland
    • increase water and salt loss at kidneys, decrease thirst, suppress secretion of ADH and aldosterone
35
Q

Discuss the Thymus:

  • What two hormones does the Thymus produce?
A

Thymus

  • yellows and atrophies after puberty
  • Produces:
  • Thymopoietin
  • Thymosins (regulate immune response)
36
Q

What hormone does Adipose tissue release?

A

Leptin

  • targets hypothalmaus
  • suppression of appetite, increased gonadotropin synthesis
37
Q

Which of the following produces Calcitonin?

A. Parathyroid gland

B. Anterior Pituitary

C. Posterior Pituitary

D. Thyroid gland

E. Pineal gland

A

D. Thyroid gland

Parathyroid = PTH (increases blood Ca2+)

Anterior Pituitary = GH, LH, ACTH, FSH, PRL,

Thyroid = T3, T4, Calcitonin

Endocrine System (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions