Anterior Pituitary (ARROYO) Flashcards by Gavin Kallabat

The endocrine system uses chemical messengers called __________ that are released into the ________ to target sites.

The endocrine system uses chemical messengers called hormones that are released into the blood to target sites.

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All of the following are major processes under the control of hormones EXCEPT:

A. Reproduction

B. Growth and development

C. Maintenance of homeostasis

D. Regulation of metabolism

E. All of the above are major processes under the control of hormones

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Which of the following types of gland does NOT release it’s secretions through ducts?

A. Endocrine glands

B. Exocrine glands

A. Endocrine glands

Endocrine glands = Ductless (straight into blood)

Exocrine glands = release secretions into ducts

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What hormone does the Pineal gland secrete?

Melatonin

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What hormone does the parathyroid gland secrete?

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

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What hormone(s) does the hypothalamus produce?

ADH and oxytocin

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What gland releases ADH and oxytocin?

A. Anterior pituitary

B. Posterior pituitary

C. Hypothalamus

D. Two of the above

E. All of the above

B. Posterior pituitary

Hypothalamus = produces ADH and oxytocin

Poterior pituitary = secretes ADH and oxytocin

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What are the 7 hormones produces and released by the Anterior Pituitary?

ACTH, FSH, TSH, MSH, GH, LH, Prolactin

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The thyroid gland releases all of the following EXCEPT:

A. Calcitonin

B. Thyroxine (T3)

C. Triiodothyronine (T4)

D. Calcitriol

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The thyroid gland releases all of the following EXCEPT:

A. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

B. Thyroxine (T3)

C. Triiodothyronine (T4)

D. Calcitonin

A. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

note: TSH is produced and released by the anterior pituitary

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A hormone:

A. is a chemical substance

B. secreted into the interstitial fluids by one specialized cell or a group of cells

C. exert physiological control effect on other cells of the body

D. all of the above

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Hormones affect only certain tissues or organs called _______ cell or organs.

target

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(T/F)

Target cells must have specific shaped protein receptors for the hormone to attach.

True

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Which of the following acts on neighboring cells?

A. Autocrine

B. Paracrine

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Which of the following act on the same cell that secreted them?

A. Autocrine

B. Paracrine

A. Autocrine

Autocrine = same cell

Paracrine = neighboring cell

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Hormones:

A. Stimulate synthesis of enzymes or structural proteins

B. Increase or decrease rate of synthesis

C. Turn existing enzyme or membrane channel “on” or “off”

D. All of the above

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(T/F)

Hormones circulate freely or tracel bound to special carrier proteins.

True

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All of the following hormones are derivatives of Tyrosine EXCEPT:

A. Thyroid hormones

B. Epinephrine

C. Norepinephrine

D. Dopamine

E. Melatonin

Tryptophan Derivatives: serotonin and melatonin

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Which of the following is a derivative of Tryptophan?

A. Serotonin

B. Epinephrine

C. Norepinephrine

D. Dopamine

E. Thyroid hormones

A. Serotonin

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List all of the Amino Acid derivative hormones (6):

Thyroid hormones, Catecholamines (epi, norepinephrine, dopamine), serotonin and melatonin

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Peptide hormones:

A. Most are synthesized as pro-hormones

B. Glycoproteins such as FSH, TSH and LH

C. Short chain peptide such as ADH and Oxytocin

D. Small proteins such as Growth Hormones

E. All of the above

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Which of the following is classified as a small protein hormone?

A. FHS, TSH, LH

B. GH

C. ADH and Oxytocin

D. All of the above

B. GH

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All of the following are Glycoprotein hormones EXCEPT:

A. FSH

B. ADH

C. TSH

D. LH

E. All of the above are Glycoprotein hormones

B. ADH

ADH and Oxytocin are short chain polypeptides

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______ are associated w/ paracrine factors that coordinate cellular activities and affect enzymatic processes (such as blood clotting) in extracellular fluids.

A. Glycoproteins

B. Eicosanoids

C. Protein hormones

D. Amino acid derivatives

E. All of the above

B. Eicosanoids

note: some eicosanoids (such as Leukotrienes) have sescondary roles as hormones

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**Leukotrienes** are classified under \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. Glycoproteins B. Eicosanoids C. Protein hormones D. Amino acid derivatives E. All of the above

B. Eicosanoids

**Prostaglandins** are classified under \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. Glycoproteins B. Eicosanoids C. Protein hormones D. Amino acid derivatives E. All of the above

B. Eicosanoids

In some tissues, _______ are converted to **thromboxanes** and **prostacyclins**, which also have strong paracrine effects.

Prostaglandins

Which of the following types of hormones are derived from **cholesterol**? A. Protein hormones B. Amino acid derivatives C. Steroid hormones D. All of the above

C. Steroid hormones

Steroid hormones are released by all of the following EXCEPT: A. The reproductive organs (estrogens and androgens) B. The adrenal cortex C. The kidneys D. The adrenal medulla E. Steroid hormones are released by all of the above

D. The adrenal medulla

(T/F) Protein hormones require specific transport proteins that are carriers through blood plasma.

False Steroid hormones require specific transport proteins (carriers)

Circulating steroid hormones are bound to specific transport proteins in the plasma. Protein hormones remain in circulation longer than secreted steroid hormones. A. First statement is true, second is false B. First statement is false, second is true C. Both statements are true D. Both statements are false

A. First statement is true, second is false

All of the following types of hormones are stored in vesicles EXCEPT: A. Steroid hormones B. Catecholamines C. Peptide hormones D. All of the above are vesicular storaged

A. Steroid hormones Peptides = vesicular storage Catecholamine = vesicular storage Thyroid hormones = in follicles Steroids = not generally stored

Which of the following is stored in **follicles**? A. Steroid hormones B. Catecholamines C. Peptide hormones D. Thyroid hormones

D. Thyroid hormones Peptides = vesicular storage Catecholamine = vesicular storage Thyroid hormones = in follicles Steroids = not generally stored

(T/F) Water soluble hormones such as peptides and catecholamines generally circulate blood plasma attached to a carrier.

False Correct Statement: Water soluble hormones such as peptides and catecholamines generally circulate as **free hormones** Steroid hormones = require carrier proteins Remain functional for less than 1 hour: 1. Diffuse out of bloodstream and bind to receptors on target cells 2. Are broken down and absorbed by cells of liver or kidney 3. Are broken down by enzymes in plasma or interstitial fluids

Which of the following hormones is **water insoluble**? (select all that apply) A. Steroid hormones B. Thyroid hormones C. Catecholamines D. Peptide hormones

A. Steroid hormones B. Thyroid hormones

(T/F) Water insolube hormones such as steroid hormones and catecholamines are carried in the blood bound to plasma proteins and at low concentrations dissolved in the blood (free hormones).

False **Steroid** and **Thyroid hormones** = bound to plasma proteins

(T/F) Steroid and Thyroid hormones remain in circulation longer than other hormones because most are bound to transport proteins.

True note: (inactive) hormone **bound** to the carrier is protected from degradation note: generally, free hormone is **active** (can bind to its receptor)

A hormone receptor: A. is a protein molecule to which a particular molecule binds strongly B. responds to several different hormones C. different tissues have different combinations of receptors D. presence or abscence of specific receptor determines hormonal sensitivity E. All of the above

E. All of the above Important point: A hormone receptor is a **protein** molecule to which a particular molecule **binds strongly**

(T/F) Hormone receptors are **protein** molecules.

True

All of the following are true regarding Carecholamines and Peptide hormones EXCEPT: A. Are not lipid soluble B. Are able to penetrate the plasma membrane C. Bind to receptor proteins at outer surface of plasma membrane (extracellular receptors) D. All of the above are true regarding catecholamines and peptide hormones

B. Are able to penetrate the plasma membrane

All of the following are true regarding Eicosanoids EXCEPT: A. Are lipid soluble B. Diffuse across plasma membrane to reach receptor proteins on inner surface of plasma membrane C. Bind to receptor proteins at outer surface of plasma membrane D. All of the above

C. Bind to receptor proteins at outer surface of plasma membrane

First messengers: A. bind to receptors in plasma membrane B. cannot have direct effect on activities inside target cells C. results in change in rates of metabolic reactions D. may act as enzyme activator, inhibitor or cofactor E. All of the above

E. All of the above

Which of the following is a First messenger? A. cAMP B. cGMP C. Peptide hormones D. Ca²⁺

C. Peptide hormones

Which of the following second messengers do peptide hormones use? A. cAMP B. cGMP C. Peptide hormones D. Ca2+

A. cAMP note: cAMP direct a **cell effect**

Lipid-soluble hormones: A. Steroid hormones: androgens, estrogens, prgesterone, glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids and thyroid B. Diffuse across the plasma membrane C. Activate gene transcription and translation directly D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Which of the following is associated with insulin? A. intrinsic TK activity B. recruit TK activity C. adenylate cyclase D. PLC

A. intrinsic TK activity

Which of the following is Glucagon associated with? A. intrinsic TK activity B. recruit TK activity C. adenylate cyclase D. PLC

C. adenylate cyclase

All of the following are associated with Tyrosine Kinase receptors EXCEPT: A. Insulin B. Glucagon C. Growth hormone D. All of the above are associated w/ tyrosine kinase

B. Glucagon

All of the following are main classes of hormone receptors EXCEPT: A. Tyrosine kinase receptors B. G-protein linked receptors C. Nuclear receptors D. All of the above are the main classes of hormone receptors

D. All of the above are the main classes of hormone receptors

All of the following are Cell-surface Receptors EXCEPT: A. Tyrosine Kinase receptors B. G-protein linked receptors C. Nuclear receptors D. All of the above are cell-surface receptors

C. Nuclear receptors note: Nuclear receptors include steroid/thyroid receptors

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is activated when hormone binds to receptor at membrane surface and changes concentration of second messenger cAMP within cell.

Adenylate cyclase note: increased cAMP level accelerates metabolic activity within cell

G-protein linked receptors are associated with _______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Adenylate cyclase and cAMP

(T/F) Many G proteins, once activated, exert their effects by changing the concentration of cAMP, which acts as the second messenger within the cell.

True

Activated G proteins trigger: A. opening of calcium ion channels in membrane B. release of calcium ions from intracellular stores C. G proteins activates enzyme phospholipase C (PLC) D. All of the above are true E. None of the above are true

D. All of the above are true

Activated G proteins trigger production of ________ and ________ from membrane phospholipid.

diacylglycerol (**DAG**) and inositol triphosphate (**IP₃**) from membrane phospholipids.

Discuss G proteins and calcium ions in regards to PKC:

Hormones and intracellular receptors: A. Alter rate of DNA transcription in nucleus B. Directly affect metabolic activity and structure of target cell C. Include steroids and thyroid hormones D. All of the above

D. All of the above

How do hormones which attach to intracellular receptors have a combined effect?

When it binds to the intracellular receptors there is an increase in ATP production which is combined with the effects that the hormone has intracellularly

The process of Amplification: A. is the binding of a small number of hormone molecules to membrane receptors B. Leads to thousands of second messengers in cell C. Magnifies effect of hormone on target cell D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Discuss the down-regulation and up-regulation of hormone receptors:

(T/F) The presence of a hormone triggers an increase in number of hormone receptors.

False

When the actions of hormones enhance the effects of each other. A. Antagonistic B. Synergistic C. Permissive D. Integrative

B. Synergistic

Effects occur when the hormone action differs with differing target organs. A. Antagonistic B. Synergistic C. Permissive D. Integrative

D. Integrative

When the actions of hormones appose each other: A. Antagonistic B. Synergistic C. Permissive D. Integrative

A. Antagonistic

Effects occur when one hormone is required for the other to function: A. Antagonistic B. Synergistic C. Permissive D. Integrative

C. Permissive

Hormone levels in the blood are mostly maintained by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Negative feedback

Control of hormone release: A. hormone levels in the blood are mostly maintained by positive feedback B. A stimulus or low hormone level in the blood triggers the release of more hormone C. Hormone release continues even after an appropriate level in the blood is released D. All of the above

B. A stimulus or low hormone level in the blood triggers the release of more hormone

What are good examples of hormones that exhibit negative feedback for the control of hormone release?

Anterior pituitary hormones

All of the following are mechanisms of hypothalamic control over endocrine function EXCEPT: A. production of ADH and oxytocin B. secretion of regulatory hormones to control activity of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland C. control of sympathetic output to adrenal medulla D. All of the above are mechanism of hypothalamic control over endocrine function

D. All of the above are mechanism of hypothalamic control over endocrine function

Pituitary Gland: A. located in the brain (sella turcica) and is the size of a pea B. has two functional lobes (AP and PP) C. often called the "master endocrine gland" because it can affect other glands D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Which of the following is part of both the nervous and endocrine systems? A. hypothalamus B. pituitary gland C. thyroid gland D. pineal gland

A. hypothalamus

Which of the following is often called the "**master** endocrine gland"? A. hypothalamus B. pituitary gland C. thyroid gland D. pineal gland

B. pituitary gland

Which of the following is also called the hypophysis? A. hypothalamus B. pituitary gland C. thyroid gland D. pineal gland

B. pituitary gland

Which of the following lies within the sella turcica? A. hypothalamus B. pituitary gland C. thyroid gland D. pineal gland

B. pituitary gland

Which of the following contains a dural sheet that locks it in position and is known as the **sellar diaphragm**? A. hypothalamus B. pituitary gland C. thyroid gland D. pineal gland

B. pituitary gland note: the **sellar diaphragm** isolates the pituitary from cranial activity

The anterior lobe of the pituitary: A. also called adenohypophysis B. hormones "turn on" endocrine glands or support other organs C. has three regions (pars distalis, pars tuberalis and pars intermedia) D. All of the above

D. All of the above

What are the 6 hormones released from the anterior pituitary and what organs do they target?

Hormones reach the anterior pituitary from the hypothalamus via the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

hypophyseal portal system

Which of the following is composed of glandular tissue? A. anterior pituitary B. posterior pituitary

A. anterior pituitary anterior pituitary = glandular epithelium posterior pituitary = nervous tissue

Which of the following is composed of **nervous tissue**? A. anterior pituitary B. posterior pituitary

B. posterior pituitary anterior pituitary = glandular epithelium posterior pituitary = nervous tissue

The median eminence of the hypophyseal portal system: A. is a swelling near the attachment of the infundibulum B. where hypothalamic neurons release regulatory factors C. regulatory factors are deposited into interstitial fluids through fenestrated capillaries D. Two of the above E. All of the above

E. All of the above

What hormones does the hypothalamus release to control the anterior pituitary and what do these hormones do?

On the other side of this notecard is a map of all the hormones of the anterior pituitary along with their target organs. Try to identify them before looking at the map!!!

All of the following are true regarding Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) EXCEPT: A. Female: act on the follicular cells in ovary to regulate maturation of follicular cells and oocytes and production of estrogen B. Male: act on the cells of the testes to regulate maturation of the spermatocytes C. Act on the follicular cells in ovary to regulate ovulation and production of progesterone D. All of the above are true

C. Act on the follicular cells in ovary to regulate ovulation and production of progesterone Luteinizing hormone (LH): in females acts on the follicular cells to regulate ovulation and production of **progesterone**

All of the following are true regarding Luteinizing hormone (LH) EXCEPT: A. Female: act on the follicular cells in ovary to regulate ovulation and production of progesterone B. Male: act on the cell of the testes to regulate the maturation of spermatocytes C. Male: act on the interstitial cells of the testes to regulate the production of testosterone D. All of the above are true

B. Male: act on the cell of the testes to regulate the maturation of spermatocytes

All of the following are true regarding Adrenocorticotropic hormone (**ACTH**) EXCEPT: A. Acts on adrenal cortex to stimulate production and secretion of corticosteroids B. Released from pituitary following circadian rhythm - peaking in the morning then declines C. May cause Cushing Syndrome if there is abnormal secretion D. All of the above are true

D. All of the above are true

Cushing's Syndrome may be a result of abnormal _____ levels. A. FSH B. ACTH C. LH D. TSH

B. ACTH

List three main characteristic signs and symptoms of Cushing's Syndrome?

Moon-face, Buffalo hump (like hunchback of notredame), Hirsutism (excessive hair growth) note: those w/ Cushing's Syndrome have decreased immune response and are more prone to infection

How can you manage Cushing's Syndrome?

return cortisol levels to normal

All of the following are true regarding TSH EXCEPT: A. targets the thyroid gland B. regulates the release of thyroid hormones C. factors that affect the release of TRH from hypothalamus: blood levels, glucose and the body's metabolic rate D. All of the above

D. All of the above TSH = Thyroid stimulating hormone

All of the following are true regarding **Prolactin** (PRL) EXCEPT: A. Females: regulates mammary gland growth and breast milk production B. Males: influence sensitivity of interstitial cells to FSH C. Males: influence sensitivity of interstitial cells to LH D. Deficiency can lead to no production of breast milk E. All of the above

B. Males: influence sensitivity of interstitial cells to FSH

All of the following are true regarding Growth Hormone (**GH**) EXCEPT: A. Stimulates cell growth and division B. Stimulates liver production of somatomedin C. Targets all cells in the body D. is associated with somatotropin E. All of the above are true

E. All of the above are true

**Hyposecretion** of Growth Hormone (GH) during **childhood** can result in which of the following? A. Dwarfism B. Gigantism C. Acromegaly D. All of the above

A. Dwarfism Dwarfism = hyposecretion of GH during childhood Gigantism = hypersecretion of GH during childhood Acromegaly = hypersecretion of GH during adulthood

**Hypersecretion** of Growth Hormone (**GH**) during **childhood** can result in which of the following? A. Dwarfism B. Gigantism C. Acromegaly D. All of the above

B. Gigantism Dwarfism = hyposecretion of GH during childhood Gigantism = hypersecretion of GH during childhood Acromegaly = hypersecretion of GH during adulthood

**Hypersecretion** of Growth Hormone (GH) during **adulthood** can result in which of the following? A. Dwarfism B. Gigantism C. Acromegaly D. All of the above

C. Acromegaly Dwarfism = hyposecretion of GH during childhood Gigantism = hypersecretion of GH during childhood Acromegaly = hypersecretion of GH during adulthood