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Endocrine System > Endocrine Embryology/Histology (REYNOLDS) > Flashcards

Endocrine Embryology/Histology (REYNOLDS) Flashcards

1
Q

The primary function of the ________ is to aid in establishment and maintenance of homeostasis.

A

endocrine system

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2
Q

All of the following are true regarding thte endocrine system EXCEPT:

A. the cells of the endocrine system are grandular epithelium

B. the endocrine system uses hormones as chemical signals

C. receptors on the target cell determines the cell response

D. receptors on the postsynaptic cell determines the cell response

E. the duration of action of the endocrine system may be brief to lasting for days even if secretion stops

A

D. receptors on the postsynaptic cell determines the cell response

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3
Q

A ________ is a long-distance chemical mediator produced and secreted by an endocrine gland into blood and transported to its target cells where it interacts with specific receptors and affects cell function.

A

hormone

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4
Q

Thyroid hormones are classified as:

A. protein, peptide, modified amino acid

B. steroid hormones

C. eicosonaoids

D. none of the above

A

A. protein, peptide, modified amino acid

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5
Q

Epinephrine is classified as a:

A. protein, peptide, modified amino acid

B. steroid hormones

C. eicosonaoids

D. none of the above

A

A. protein, peptide, modified amino acid

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6
Q

Estrogen is classified as a:

A. protein, peptide, modified amino acid

B. steroid hormone

C. eicosonaoid

D. none of the above

A

B. steroid hormone

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7
Q

All of the following are classified as Eicosanoids EXCEPT:

A. prostaglandins

B. cholesterol

C. leukotrienes

D. Thromboxanes

E. All of the above are classified as Eicosanoids

A

B. cholesterol

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8
Q

Steroids are derived from _______.

A. proteins

B. cholesterol

C. eicosanoids

D. two of the above

E. All of the above

A

B. cholesterol

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9
Q

All of the following are true regarding the hypothalamus EXCEPT:

A. located at the base of the brain

B. composed of neural tissue

C. is derived from the Diencephalon

D. secretes ADH and Oxytocin

E. All of the above are true regarding the hypothalamus

A

E. All of the above are true regarding the hypothalamus

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10
Q

The hypothalamus is the master regulator of the system is identifiable as an endocrine structure for 3 main ways:

A. the hypothalamus makes hormones and releases hormones

B. the hypothalamus sends out informational cues by releasing Hypothalamic-releasing and inhibiting hormones

C. it directly innervates via neurons the adrenal glands to release epinephrine

D. All of the above are true

A

D. All of the above are true

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11
Q

What are the 3 characteristics that classify the Hypothalamus as an endocrine structure?

A
  1. it releases hormones that have direct effects on a target
  2. it modulates hormone release from pituitary gland via the releasing/inhibiting hormones
  3. it innervates a very importand endocrine gland known as the adrenal gland
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12
Q

_________ of the hypothalamus produce ADH and oxytocin.

A

Neurosecretory cells

  • both hormones are transported and stored in distal extensions of the neurons residing in the posterior pituitary
  • hormones are then released as needed into the blood stream
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13
Q

Discuss Neurosecretory cells:

A

Neurosecretory cells

  • located in the hypothalamaus
  • produce ADH and oxytocin
  • both hormones are transported and stored in distal extensions of the neurons residing in the posterior pituitary
  • hormones are then released as needed into the blood stream
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14
Q

Where are neurosecretory cells located?

A

hypothalamus

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15
Q

What two hormones do neurosecretory cells produce and where are these hormones stored?

A
  • ADH and Oxytocin
  • stored in distal extensions of the posterior pituitary
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16
Q

The pituitary gland is also known as the ________.

A

Hypophysis

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17
Q

Which of the following is known as the Hypophysis?

A. hypothalamaus

B. pituitary gland

C. adrenal gland

D. thyroid gland

A

B. pituitary gland

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18
Q

All of the following are true regarding the pituitary gland EXCEPT:

A. located at the base of the hypothalamus

B. divided into the anterior (AP) and posterior (PP) sections

C. is made up of both glandular epithelium and neural tissue

D. the posterior pituitary is made of glandular epithelium

E. All of the above are true regarding the pituitary

A

D. the posterior pituitary is made of glandular epithelium

Anterior pituitary = glandular epithelium

Posterior pituitary = neural tissue

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19
Q

Which of the following is made of of glandular epithelium?

A. anterior pituitary

B. posterior pituitary

A

A. anterior pituitary

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20
Q

All of the following are true regarding the infundibulum EXCEPT:

A. is a diverticulum formed from extension of diencephalon

B. this diverticulum grows toward the site of the embryonic mouth (stomodeum)

C. the infundibulum gives rise to the adenohypophysis

D. consists of a pars nervosa, pituitary stalk and infundibular recess.

E. the infundibulum will eventually give rise to the posterior pituitary

A

C. the infundibulum gives rise to the adenohypophysis

Infundibulum = neurohypophysis = posterior pituitary

Rathke’s pouch = adenohypophysis = anterior pituitary

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21
Q

The infundibulum gives rise to the neurohypophysis. All of the following are associated with the neurohypophysis EXCEPT:

A. Pars nervosa

B. Pars tuberalis

C. Pituitary stalk

D. Infundibular recess

E. Neuroglial cells

A

B. Pars tuberalis

Neurohypophysis (PP):

  • Pars nervosa
  • Pituitary stalk
  • Infundibular recess
  • Neuroglial cells
  • Nerve fibers from hypothalamus

Adenohypophysis (AP):

  • Pars distalis
  • Pars tuberalis (grows along infundibulum)
  • Pars intermedia
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22
Q

All of the following are associated w/ the adenohypophysis EXCEPT:

A. Pars distalis

B. Pars tuberalis

C. Pars intermedia

D. Pars nervosa

A

D. Pars nervosa

Neurohypophysis (PP):

  • Pars nervosa
  • Pituitary stalk
  • Infundibular recess
  • Neuroglial cells
  • Nerve fibers from hypothalamus

Adenohypophysis (AP):

  • Pars distalis
  • Pars tuberalis (grows along infundibulum)
  • Pars intermedia
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23
Q

Which of the following is a small extension from the anterior lobe that grows along the infundibulum and eventually surrounds it?

A. Pars distalis

B. Pars tuberalis

C. Pars intermedia

D. Pars nervosa

A

B. Pars tuberalis

note: its like a “tube” that covers the infundibulum

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24
Q

Which of the following is the majority of the anterior lobe?

A. Pars distalis

B. Pars tuberalis

C. Pars intermedia

D. Pars nervosa

A

A. Pars distalis

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25
Q

Which of the following gives rise to the Neurohypophysis?

A. Infundibulum

B. Rathke’s pouch

A

A. Infundibulum

Infundibulum = Neurohypophysis = Posterior pituitary

Rathke’s pouch = Adenohypophysis = Anterior pituitary

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26
Q

Which of the following gives rise to the Adenohypophysis?

A. Infundibulum

B. Rathke’s pouch

A

B. Rathke’s pouch

Infundibulum = Neurohypophysis = Posterior pituitary

Rathke’s pouch = Adenohypophysis = Anterior pituitary

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27
Q

A simultaneous ectodermal out pocketing called ________ is also formed by an evagination of the stomodeum immediately in front of the buccopharyngeal membrane.

A

Rathke’s pouch

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28
Q

Which of the following is associated with the Neurohypophysis?

A. Pars distalis

B. Pars tuberalis

C. Pars intermedia

D. Pars nervosa

A

D. Pars nervosa

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29
Q

(T/F)

Rathke’s puch grows dorsally toward the infundibulum.

A

True

By end of week 3:

  • Rathke’s pouch loses connection w/ stomodeum
  • Forms discrete sac and eventually lies in close contact w/ the infundibulum
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30
Q

Which of the following is composed of nervous fibers continuous with the hypothalamus?

A. anterior pituitary

B. posterior pituitary

A

B. posterior pituitary

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31
Q

Which of the following is also known as the posterior lobe?

A. Pars distalis

B. Pars tuberalis

C. Pars intermedia

D. Pars nervosa

A

D. Pars nervosa

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32
Q

All of the following are true regarding the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) EXCEPT:

A. Consists of pars nervosa, infundibulum and median eminence

B. Pars nervosa contains over 100k non-myelinated axons and nerve endings

C. Pars nervosa terminates at Herring bodies

D. Infundibulum contains nerve tracts extending from hypothalamus to pars nervosa

E. All of the above are true regarding the posterior pituitary

A

E. All of the above are true regarding the posterior pituitary

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33
Q

Pars nervosa terminates at ______, which are reservoirs of hormones in the posterior pituitary.

A

Herring bodies

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34
Q

______ are reservoirs of hormones in the posterior pituitary.

A

Herring bodies

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35
Q

Which of the following “likes stains” and contains Acidophils and Basophils?

A. Pars distalis

B. Pars tuberalis

C. Pars intermedia

D. Pars nervosa

A

A. Pars distalis

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36
Q

75% of the pituitary consists of which of the following?

A. Pars distalis

B. Pars intermedia

C. Pars tuberalis

D. Pars nervosa

A

A. Pars distalis

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37
Q

All of the following are derived from Basophils of the Pars distalis EXCEPT:

A. Somatotrophs

B. Gonadotrophs

C. Thyrotrophs

D. Corticotrophs

A

A. Somatotrophs

Acidophils = Somatotrophs and Lactotrophs

Basophils = Gonadotrophs, Thyrotrophs and Corticotrophs

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38
Q

All of the following are Acidophils derived from Pars Distalis EXCEPT:

A. Somatotrophs

B. Lactotrophs

C. Corticotrophs

D. All of the above are Acidophils

A

C. Corticotrophs

Acidophils = Somatotrophs and Lactotrophs

Basophils = Gonadotrophs, Thyrotrophs and Corticotrophs

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39
Q

Which of the following Chromophils releases Prolactin?

A. Somatotrophs

B. Lactotrophs

C. Gonadotrophs

D. Thyrotrophs

E. Corticotrophs

A

B. Lactotrophs

Somatotrophs = LH and FSH

Lactotrophs = Prolactin

Gonadotrophs = LH and FSH

Thyrotrophs = TSH

Corticotrophs = ACTH

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40
Q

Which of the following Chromophils releases ACTH?

A. Somatotrophs

B. Lactotrophs

C. Gonadotrophs

D. Thyrotrophs

E. Corticotrophs

A

E. Corticotrophs

Somatotrophs = LH and FSH

Lactotrophs = Prolactin

Gonadotrophs = LH and FSH

Thyrotrophs = TSH

Corticotrophs = ACTH

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41
Q

Which of the following Chromophils releases Growth Hormone?

A. Somatotrophs

B. Lactotrophs

C. Gonadotrophs

D. Thyrotrophs

E. Corticotrophs

A

A. Somatotrophs

Somatotrophs = LH and FSH

Lactotrophs = Prolactin

Gonadotrophs = LH and FSH

Thyrotrophs = TSH

Corticotrophs = ACTH

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42
Q

Which of the following Chromophils releases TSH?

A. Somatotrophs

B. Lactotrophs

C. Gonadotrophs

D. Thyrotrophs

E. Corticotrophs

A

D. Thyrotrophs

Somatotrophs = LH and FSH

Lactotrophs = Prolactin

Gonadotrophs = LH and FSH

Thyrotrophs = TSH

Corticotrophs = ACTH

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43
Q

Which of the following Chromophils releases LH and FSH?

A. Somatotrophs

B. Lactotrophs

C. Gonadotrophs

D. Thyrotrophs

E. Corticotrophs

A

C. Gonadotrophs

Somatotrophs = LH and FSH

Lactotrophs = Prolactin

Gonadotrophs = LH and FSH

Thyrotrophs = TSH

Corticotrophs = ACTH

44
Q

Which of the following are migrated cells that can sescrete melanocyte-stimulating hormone?

A. Pars distalis

B. Pars tuberalis

C. Pars intermedia

D. Pars nervosa

A

C. Pars intermedia

45
Q

Which of the following are support cells that don’t have any particular functions?

A. Chromophobes

B. Chromophils

C. Acidophils

D. Basophils

A

A. Chromophobes

46
Q

Discuss the Portal vessels that link two capillary beds:

A
  1. Nerve endings secrete neurohormones
  2. Blood picks up neurohormones
  3. Neurohormones control anterior pituitary hormones
47
Q

Herring bodies are located in the _______.

A. Anterior pituitary

B. Posterior pituitary

A

B. Posterior pituitary

48
Q

Discuss innervation of the adrenal medulla:

A

The medulla is directly controled by the nervous system in the hypothalamus. The adrenal medulla receives neuronal stimulation to release Epi and norepinephrine. It is important that nervous stimulation innervates the adrenal medulla to get a rapid response in a fight or flight response.

49
Q

Hypersecretion of GH (growth hormone) during adulthood may result in which of the following?

A. Pituitary dwarfism

B. Pituitary gigantism

C. Acromegaly

D. All of the above

E. None of the above

A

C. Acromegaly (after the epiphyseal plates have closed)

50
Q

Hyposecretion of GH (growth hormone) in childhood may result in which of the following?

A. Pituitary dwarfism

B. Pituitary gigantism

C. Acromegaly

D. All of the above

E. None of the above

A

A. Pituitary dwarfism

51
Q

Hypersecretion of GH (growth hormone) during childhood may result in which of the following?

A. Pituitary dwarfism

B. Pituitary gigantism

C. Acromegaly

D. All of the above

E. None of the above

A

B. Pituitary gigantism

52
Q

The inferior parathyroid and thymus are derived from which pharyngeal pouch?

A. 1st pharyngeal pouch

B. 2nd pharyngeal pouch

C. 3rd pharyngeal pouch

D. 4th pharyngeal pouch

E. 5th pharyngeal pouch

A

C. 3rd pharyngeal pouch

3rd pouch = inferior parathyroid and thymus

4th pouch = superior parathyroid and Ultimopharyngeal body

53
Q

Which of the following gives rise to the superior parathyroid and Ultimopharyngeal body?

A. 1st pharyngeal pouch

B. 2nd pharyngeal pouch

C. 3rd pharyngeal pouch

D. 4th pharyngeal pouch

E. 5th pharyngeal pouch

A

D. 4th pharyngeal pouch

3rd pouch = inferior parathyroid and thymus

4th pouch = superior parathyroid and Ultimopharyngeal body

54
Q

Which of the following is the Ultimopharyngeal body derived from?

A. 1st pharyngeal pouch

B. 2nd pharyngeal pouch

C. 3rd pharyngeal pouch

D. 4th pharyngeal pouch

E. 5th pharyngeal pouch

A

D. 4th pharyngeal pouch

55
Q

The inferior parathyroid is derived from which of the following?

A. 1st pharyngeal pouch

B. 2nd pharyngeal pouch

C. 3rd pharyngeal pouch

D. 4th pharyngeal pouch

E. 5th pharyngeal pouch

A

C. 3rd pharyngeal pouch

56
Q

The superior parathyroid is derived from which of the following?

A. 1st pharyngeal pouch

B. 2nd pharyngeal pouch

C. 3rd pharyngeal pouch

D. 4th pharyngeal pouch

E. 5th pharyngeal pouch

A

D. 4th pharyngeal pouch

57
Q

The Thymus is derived from which of the following?

A. 1st pharyngeal pouch

B. 2nd pharyngeal pouch

C. 3rd pharyngeal pouch

D. 4th pharyngeal pouch

E. 5th pharyngeal pouch

A

C. 3rd pharyngeal pouch

58
Q

Discuss the Ultimopharyngeal body:

  • Which pharyngeal pouch is it derived from?
  • What cells does the Ultimopharyngeal body give rise to?
  • What do those cells secrete?
A

Ultimopharyngeal body:

  • derived from 4th pharyngeal pouch
  • gives rise to parafollicular cells
  • parafollicular cells secrete calcitonin
59
Q

Which of the following is derived from the dorsal portion of the 3rd pouch?

A. Inferior parathyroid

B. Thymus

C. Superior parathyroid

D. Ultimopharyngeal body

A

A. Inferior parathyroid

60
Q

Which of the following is derived from the ventral portion of the 3rd pouch?

A. Inferior parathyroid

B. Thymus

C. Superior parathyroid

D. Ultimopharyngeal body

A

B. Thymus

Dorsal 3rd pouch = inferior parathyroid

Ventral 3rd pouch - thymus

61
Q

Discuss the histogenesis of the parathyroid glands:

A
  • Pouch epithelium proliferates during the fifth week
  • Small nodules from on the dorsal aspect of each pouch
  • Vascular mesenchyme generates capillaries in nodules
  • The chief or principal cells differentiate during the embryonic period and regulate fetal calcium metabolism
  • The oxiphil cells differentiate 5 to 7 years after birth
62
Q

All of the following are true regarding the development of the thyroid gland EXCEPT:

A. Thyroid gland primordium appears late in the 4th week as a mass of proliferating cells

B. Forms the apex of the foramen cecum of the developing tongue

C. Thyroid primordium then descends through the neck at the end of a slender thyroglossal duct

D. Follicular cells begin to function as early as the 10th to 12th week

E. All of the above are true regarding the development of the thyroid gland

A

E. All of the above are true regarding the development of the thyroid gland

63
Q

Discuss the development of the Thyroid gland:

A

Thyroid Gland Development:

  • Thyroid gland primordium appears late in the 4th week as a mass of proliferating cells
  • Forms the apex of the foramen cecum of the developing tongue
  • Thyroid primordium then descends through the neck at the end of a slender thyroglossal duct
  • Two lobes of the thyroid are connected via an isthmus and continue to descend to the final position inferior to the cricoid cartilage (by 7th week)
  • Follicular cells begin to function as early as the 10th to 12th week
64
Q

All of the following are true regarding the Thyroid Gland EXCEPT:

A. located just below the larynx

B. Activated by TSH

C. Produces calcitonin, Triiodothyroxine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)

D. Composed of two types of cells known as the follicular and parafollicular cells.

E. All of the above are true regarding the thyroid

A

E. All of the above are true regarding the thyroid

65
Q

Which of the following cells of the thyroid produces Calcitonin?

A. Follicular cells

B. Parafollicular cells

A

B. Parafollicular cells

66
Q

Disuss the two types of cells of the Thyroid gland:

A

Thyroid Gland

Follicular cells: simple cuboidal epithelium

Parafollicular (C) cells: cuboidal, no contact with colloid material. produces calcitonin

67
Q

What is the function of Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)?

A

increase metabolism and helps in growth and development

note: requires iodine for synthesis

68
Q

Which of the following is called hypothyroidism?

A. Too little iodine

B. Too little T3 and T4

C. Too much T3 and T4

D. All of the above

E. None of the above

A

B. Too little T3 and T4

Too little iodine = simple goiter

Too little T3 and T4 = hypothyroidism

Too much T3 and T4 = hyperthyroidism

69
Q

Which of the following is called hyperthyroidism?

A. Too little iodine

B. Too little T3 and T4

C. Too much T3 and T4

D. All of the above

E. None of the above

A

C. Too much T3 and T4

Too little iodine = simple goiter

Too little T3 and T4 = hypothyroidism

Too much T3 and T4 = hyperthyroidism

70
Q

Which of the following is called a simple goiter?

A. Too little iodine

B. Too little T3 and T4

C. Too much T3 and T4

D. All of the above

E. None of the above

A

A. Too little iodine

Too little iodine = simple goiter

Too little T3 and T4 = hypothyroidism

Too much T3 and T4 = hyperthyroidism

71
Q
A
72
Q

Which of the following is Hyperthyroidism?

A. Myxedemia

B. Grave’s disease

A

B. Grave’s disease

note: symptoms of Grave’s disease is staring gaze

73
Q

Which of the following is Hypothyroidism?

A. Myxedemia

B. Grave’s disease

A

A. Myxedemia

74
Q

Discuss Parafollicular (C) cells:

  • C cells are a cource of ________.
  • Secreted when blood calcium levels _____.
    • A. rise
    • B. fall
  • What does this hormone do?
  • Can help in certain cases of _______.
A

Parafollicular (C) cells:

  • source of Calcitonin
  • secreted when blood calcium levels rise
  • Calcitonin lowers blood calcium by increasing osteoblastic activity and inhibiting osteoclastic activity
  • Can help in certain cases of osteoporosis
75
Q

All of the following are true regarding parafollicular (C) cells EXCEPT:

A. source of calcitonin

B. releaed when blood calcium levels fall

C. stimlates calcium deposition in bones

D. can help in certain cases of osteoporosis

E. All of the above are true regarding parafollicular (C) cells

A

B. releaed when blood calcium levels fall

note: calcitonin is released in response to rising blood calcium levels

76
Q

Discuss the Parathyroid gland:

  • What does it look like and where is it located?
  • How are cells arranged?
  • What are the cells of the parathyroid gland?
  • What do these cells secrete?
A

Parathyroid Gland:

  • Four bean shaped glands embedded in the fascial sheath of the thyroid gland
  • Cells arranged in cords
  • Chief (Principal cells) secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH) that causes osteoblasts to release osteroclast-stimulating factor
  • PTH raises blood calcium levels by activating osteoclasts

note: may be on EXAM

77
Q

Discuss the adrenal gland:

  • Adrenal medulla
  • Adrenal cortex
A

Adrenal gland

Adrenal medulla:

  • embryonic origin is similar to sympathetic nervous system (ectoderm)
  • Secretes catecholamines (Epi/norepinephrine)

Adrenal cortex:

  • Embryonic origin similar to gonads
  • Secrete steroid hormones
78
Q

All of the following is true regarding the adrenal medulla EXCEPT:

A. Embryonic origin is similar to sympathetic nervous system

B. Secretes steroid hormones

C. Is derived from Ectoderm (ANS)

D. is derived from Neural crest cells

E. cells are stained (yellow-brown) and are classified as Chromaffin cells

A

B. Secretes steroid hormones

Medulla = catecholamines (eg. epi)

Cortex = steroid hormones

79
Q

The adrenal cortex is derived from which of the following?

A. Ectoderm

B. Mesoderm

C. Endoderm

D. None of the above

A

B. Mesoderm

Cortex = mesoderm (gonads)

Medulla = ectoderm (ANS)

80
Q

Which of the following is derived from the gonads?

A. Adrenal Medulla

B. Adrenal cortex

A

B. Adrenal cortex

81
Q

Discuss the development of the Adrenal cortex:

  • Primitive adrenal cortex
  • Definitive adrenal cortex
A

Primitive adrenal cortex:

  • proliferation of mesothelial cells that lie between the root of mesentery and developing gonad
  • penetrate underlying mesenchyme
  • differentiate into fetal or primitive cortex

Definitive adrenal cortex:

  • 2nd wave of cells from mesothelium penetrate the mesenchyme again
  • they surround the primitive cortex and later form the definitive cortex
  • Fetal cortex regress rapidly except for the innermost later which differentiates into the Reticular zone
82
Q

Which of the following is derived from Neural crest cells (NCCs)?

A. Adrenal cortex

B. Adrenal medulla

A

B. Adrenal medulla

83
Q

Which of the following is derived from mesothelial cells that lie between the root of mesentary and developing gonad?

A. Adrenal cortex

B. Adrenal medulla

A

A. Adrenal cortex

Adrenal cortex = Mesothelial cells = Mesoderm

Adrenal medulla = Neural crest cells = Ectoderm

84
Q

Discuss the formation of the Adrenal Medulla:

A

Adrenal Medulla

  • Neural crest cells invade the medial aspect of fetal cortex
  • arrange in cords and clumps
  • finally gives rise to adrenal medulla
  • Cells are stained (yellow-brown) and are classified as Chromaffin cells
  • Chromaffin cells produce Epi/norepinephrine and are only found in the medulla
85
Q

Discuss each of the following:

  • Zona Glomerulosa
  • Zona Fasciculata
  • Zona Reticularis
A

Zona Glomerulosa:

  • produces mineralocorticoids
  • produces aldosterone
  • Acts on kidney to regulate water and electrolyte balance

Zona Fasciculata:

  • produces glucocorticoids
  • produces cortisol
  • Metabolism of glucose, stress, anti-inflammation
  • decreases antibodies

Zona Reticularis:

  • produces sex hormones
  • supplement the sex hormones from the gonats
86
Q

All of the following are true regarding the Zona Glomerulosa EXCEPT:

A. acts on kidneys to regulate water and electrolyte balance

B. produces glucocorticoids

C. produces aldosterone

D. regulated by Angiotensin II

E. All of the above are true regarding the Zona Glomerulosa

A

B. produces glucocorticoids

Zona Glomerulosa = mineralcorticoids

Zona Fasciculata = glucocorticoids

87
Q

All of the following are true regarding the Zona Fasciculata of the adrenal cortex EXCEPT:

A. Metabolism of glucose, stress and anti-inflammation

B. produces glucocorticoids

C. decreases antibodies

D. produces aldosterone

E. All of the abvoe is true regarding the Zona Fasciculata

A

D. produces aldosterone

Zona Glomerulosa = aldosterone

Zona Fasciculata = cortisol

Zona Reticularis = sex hormones

88
Q
A
89
Q

Discuss Cushing Disease:

A

Cushing Disease

  • Excessive gluconeogenesis
  • Hyperglycemia and glucosuria
  • Subcutaneous fat deposited in mid section, above the shoulders, and in the face
  • Muscle tissue break down = muscle weakness and fatigue
  • Round moon face is typical of Cushing’s syndrome
90
Q

Discuss Addison disease:

A

Addison Disease

  • Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids, sometimes mineral corticoids (aldosterone)
  • Symptoms: weightloss , general fatigue, hypotension, skin darkening
91
Q

Which of the following is a typical symptom of Cushing Disease?

A. Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids

B. Skin darkening

C. Round moon face

D. Weight loss

E. All of the above are typical symptoms of Cushings disease

A

C. Round moon face

92
Q

The chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla secrete glucocorticoids. These cells release 20% epinephrine and 80% norepinephrine.

A. First statement is true, seconds is false

B. First statement is false, second is true

C. Both statements are true

D. Both statements are false

A

D. Both statements are false

Correct statements:

The chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla secrete catecholamines. These cells release 80% epinephrine and 20% norepinephrine.

93
Q

Chromaffin cells are located in the ______.

A. Adrenal cortex

B. Adrenal medulla

A

B. Adrenal medulla

94
Q

What do chromaffin cells secrete?

A

Epi/norepinephrine

95
Q

(T/F)

The adrenal medulla is stimulated by the endocrine system.

A

False

Correct statement:

The adrenal medulla is stimulated by the nervous system and not the endocrine system

note: this has an important role in “fight or flight”

96
Q

Which of the following is a gland with both exocrine and endocrine functions?

A. Adrenal medulla

B. Adrenal cortex

C. Thyroid gland

D. Parathyroid

E. Pancreas

A

E. Pancreas

97
Q

(T/F)

The pancreas has endocrine functions only.

A

False

correct statement: The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions

98
Q

Discuss the pancreas:

  • Where is it found?
  • What is it attached to?
  • What is it covered by?
  • Over 90% of the pancreas is composed of _______.
A

Pancreas:

  • Found behind the stomach
  • Attached to the duodenum by mouth of pancreatic duct
  • Covered by a thin connective tissue capsule that gives rise to septae which divides the pancreas into lobules
  • Over 90% of pancreas is composed of ductal and exocrine cells (acinar cells)
99
Q

Discuss the development of the Pancreas:

  • Day 26 the _____ grows from the duodenum into the dorsal mesentery opposite the hepatic diverticulum.
  • _______ sprouts the ventral mesentery caudal to the gallbladder.
  • Late in the 6th week the two buds fuse:
    • the dorsal bud gives rise to _____.
    • the ventral bud gives rise to ______.
  • _______ occurs when the two lobes of the ventral pancreatic bud migrate in opposite directions
A
  • Day 26 the dorsal pancreatic bud grows from the duodenum into the dorsal mesentery opposite the hepatic diverticulum.
  • Ventral pancreatic bud sprouts the ventral mesentery caudal to the gallbladder.
  • Late in the 6th week the two buds fuse
    • Dorsal bud gives rise to the head, body and tail
    • Ventral bud gives rise to hook-like uncinate process and main pancreatic duct
  • Annular pancreas occurs when the two lobes of the ventral pancreatic bud migrate in opposite directions
    • results in the pancreas forming a complete ring around the duodenum which compresses and potentially obstructs the duodenum
100
Q

Why are the Islets of the pancreas highly vascular?

A

To secrete hormones into

101
Q

Which of the following is the most abundant in the pancreas?

A. alpha cells

B. beta cells

C. delta cells

D. annular pancreas

A

B. beta cells

alpha cells = glucagon

beta cells = insulin

delta cells = somatostatin

102
Q

Which of the following secretes insulin?

A. alpha cells

B. beta cells

C. delta cells

D. annular pancreas

A

B. beta cells

alpha cells = glucagon

beta cells = insulin

delta cells = somatostatin

103
Q

Which of the following cells of the pancreas secretes Somatostatin?

A. alpha cells

B. beta cells

C. delta cells

D. annular pancreas

A

C. delta cells

alpha cells = glucagon

beta cells = insulin

delta cells = somatostatin

104
Q

Which of the following cells of the pancreas secretes glucagon?

A. alpha cells

B. beta cells

C. delta cells

D. annular pancreas

A

A. alpha cells

alpha cells = glucagon

beta cells = insulin

delta cells = somatostatin

105
Q
A

Endocrine System (5 decks)

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