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Anatomy Exam 2 > Posterior Abdominal Wall > Flashcards

Posterior Abdominal Wall Flashcards

1
Q

The kidneys are primarily…

A

retroperitoneal

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2
Q

What are the 3 layers that surround the kidneys, from superficial to deep?

A

paranephric fat

renal fascia

perinephric fat

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3
Q

What does the renal fascia do?

A

It helps to prevent the spread of infection locally but acts a channel for the spread of infection into the pelvis

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4
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

at the T12-L3 vertebral levels, right kidney lies slightly more inferior than left kidney

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5
Q

Where is the renal hilum located? What does it contain?

A

located on the medial border of the kidney

contains: renal vein, renal artery, renal pelvis (anterior to posterior)

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6
Q

What is the renal capsule?

A

the very thin outer layer of the kidney

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7
Q

What is deep to the renal capsule?

A

The renal cortex

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8
Q

What is included in the renal medulla?

A

renal pyramids and renal columns

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9
Q

Trace the pathway of urine

A

renal papillae (apex of renal pyramid) >

minor calyx >

major calyx >

renal pelvis >

ureter

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of anomalous kidneys?

A

pelvic kidney- failure to ascend during development

horseshoe kidney- right and left kidneys unite at inferior poles, ascent stopped by IMA

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11
Q

Describe the ureters

A

primarily retroperitoneal

fibromuscular tubes extending from renal pelvis to bladder

transport urine via peristaltic contractions

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12
Q

Describe the adrenal (suprarenal) glands

A

primarily retroperitoneal

located on the superomedial aspect of the kidney

enclosed by renal fascia

located in right or left UQ

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13
Q

Where does lymph drain from the kidneys and adrenal glands?

A

to the lumbar lymph nodes >

chyle cistern >

thoracic duct

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14
Q

Trace the pathway of parasympathetic innervation of the kidneys

A

Preganglionic cell bodies in the brain >

preganglionic cell fibers: vagus nerve >

postganglionic cell bodies and fibers: wall of the kidney

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15
Q

Trace the pathway of sympathetic innervation of the kidneys

A

preganglionic cell bodies: lateral horn of the thoracolumbar spinal cord >

Postganglionic cell fibers:

  • ventral root >
  • spinal nerve>
  • ventral ramus >
  • white ramus communicans >
  • sympathetic trunk >
  • thoracic splanchnic nerves >

synapse at renal ganglion >

follow arterial branches to target organ

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16
Q

visceral pain from kidneys/ureter

A

follow sympathetic pathway back to spinal cord but enters the dorsal root, refers to back, flank, groin and genitals

17
Q

Trace the pathway for sympathetic innervation to the adrenals

A

lateral horn >

ventral root>

spinal cord>

ventral rami >

white ramus communicans >

sympathetic trunk >

thoracic splanchnic nerves >

secretory cells of renal medulla

18
Q

Where is the abdominal aorta

A

T12 (aortic hiatus)

L4 (bifurcation into common iliac arteries

19
Q

What are the unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta which supply to abdominal organs?

A

celiac trunk

SMA

IMA

20
Q

What are the paired branches of the abdominal aorta which supply primarily retroperitoneal organs, gonads and body wall?

A

inferior phrenic arteries, middle suprarenal arteries, renal arteries (gives off inferior suprarenal arteries) , gonadal arteries, subcostal arteries, lumbar arteries

21
Q

abdominal aortic aneurysm

A

can rupture, high mortality rate (90%) if not diagnosed

22
Q

Where is the IVC located in the abdomen

A

T8 (caval opening) - L5 bifurcation into common iliac veins

located to the right of midline

23
Q

Tributaries of the IVC parallel the paired branches of the aorta except…

A

the left gonadal vein drains to the left renal vein

the hepatic veins have no arterial complement

24
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall?

A

iliopsoas (psoas major and iliacus)

quadratus lumborum

25
Q

What are the nerves of the posterior abdominal wall?

A

subcostal nerves, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, genitofemoral, lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh, femoral nerve, obturator nerve

26
Q

Spinal level of subcostal nerves? What does it innervate?

A

T12

sensory innervation and sympathetic innervation to the T12 dermatome. Motor innervation to external and internal obliques and transverse abdominis

27
Q

spinal level of iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves?

A

L1

28
Q

spinal level of genitofemoral nerve?

A

L1, L2

29
Q

spinal level of lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh?

A

L2-L3

30
Q

spinal level of femoral nerve?

A

L2-L4

31
Q

Spinal level of obturator nerve

A

L2-L4

32
Q

Where is the sympathetic truck?

A

continues from thorax

located just lateral to the lumbar vertebral bodies and along the anterior surface of the sacrum

33
Q

What are the openings in the diaphragm?

A 
Caval opening (T8): IVC 
esophageal hiatus (T10): esophagus, CN X vagus 
aortic hiatus (T12): aorta, thoracic duct, azygos vein

Anatomy Exam 2 (10 decks)

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