Overview of LE

Question 1

What kind of joint is the knee joint and what kind of movement does it allow for?

Answer 1

mostly hinge joint, flexion, extension and some rotation

Question 2

Where is the medial malleolus located?

Answer 2

distal end of the tibia

Question 3

What kind of joint is the hip joint and what kind of movement does it allow?

Answer 3

highly mobile synovial joint. Allows for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation and lateral rotation

Question 4

Where is the talocural joint located? what kind of movement does it allow?

Answer 4

located between talus, distal tibia and lateral malleolus of the fibula. It is a hinge synovial joint that allows for dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

Question 5

Where is the subtalar joint located? What kind of movement does it allow?

Answer 5

metatarsophalangeal joints. Synovial joint between talus and calcaneus. Allows for eversion and inversion

Question 6

MTP joints

Answer 6

synovial joints located between metatarsals and proximal phalanges. Allows for flexion of toes, extension of toes, abduction and adduction

Question 7

Interphalangeal joints

Answer 7

hinge synovial joints between the phalanges. Allows for flexion and extension

Question 8

What are the 2 fascia layers of the LE?

Answer 8

superficial fascia, deep fascia

Question 9

What is found in the superficial fascia of the LE?

Answer 9

fat, cutaneous nerves, superficial veins, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes

Question 10

Fascia lata

Answer 10

deep fascia of the thigh, firmly attached to pubis, inguinal ligament, iliac crest, sacrum, coccyx and ischial tuberosity

Question 11

IT band

Answer 11

iliotibial tract, lateral thickening of fascia lata

Question 12

What is the saphenous opening?

Answer 12

oval opening in the fascia lata, inferior to the inguinal ligament, the great saphenous vein and associated lymphatics pass through here

Question 13

What separates the thigh into the anterior, posterior and medial compartments?

Answer 13

The intermuscular septa of the fascia lata, attach to the linea aspera

Question 14

crural fascia

Answer 14

deep fascia of the leg, continuous with fascia lata

Question 15

What separates the leg into anterior, posterior and lateral compartments?

Answer 15

2 intermuscular septa and the interosseous membrane between the tibia and fibula

Question 16

What does the deep fascia form near the ankle joint?

Answer 16

extensor, flexor and fibular retinacula which help keep the tendons in place

Question 17

What can the great saphenous vein be used for?

Answer 17

saphenous cut down procedure- used to give meds and fluids to pts with difficult veins

CABG- vein be harvest and used as graft

Question 18

Where is the great saphenous vein?

Answer 18

arises from dorsal aspect of foot, passes anterior to medial malleolus and ascends along the medial aspect of the leg and thigh, enter saphenous opening in fascia lata

Question 19

Where is the small saphenous vein located?

Answer 19

arises on lateral side of foot, ascends posterior leg and enters popliteal fossa and drains into popliteal vein

Question 20

What are the superficial veins of the LE?

Answer 20

great saphenous vein, small saphenous vein

Question 21

What are the deep veins of the LE?

Answer 21

femoral vein, deep vein of the thigh, popliteal vein

Question 22

What are perforating veins?

Answer 22

connect the superficial and deep veins, have valves that only allow blood to travel from the superficial veins to the deep

Question 23

musculovenous pump

Answer 23

When muscles contract, blood in the deep veins is propelled to the femoral and the iliac veins, presses valves open, pushing blood up

Question 24

What causes varicose veins?

Answer 24

incompetent perforating veins, which allow large amounts of blood to reflux from the deep to the superficial veins. The superficial veins become distended as they receive large volume of blood

Question 25

Where does lymph from the superficial gluteal region drain?

Answer 25

into the superficial gluteal lymph nodes>

external iliac lymph nodes

Question 26

Where does lymph from the deep tissue in the gluteal region drain?

Answer 26

into the superior and inferior gluteal lymph nodes>

internal iliac lymph nodes

Question 27

Where do superficial lymphatic vessels accompanying the great saphenous vein drain into?

Answer 27

superficial inguinal lymph nodes >

external iliac lymph nodes

Question 28

Where do superficial lymphatic vessels accompanying the small saphenous vein drain into?

Answer 28

popliteal lymph nodes >

deep inguinal lymph nodes >

external iliac lymph nodes

Question 29

Where do deep lymphatic vessels accompanying the deep veins drain?

Answer 29

into the deep inguinal lymph nodes >

external iliac lymph nodes

Question 30

What are the spinal levels for the ventral rami of the lumbar plexus?

Answer 30

L1-L4

Question 31

Iliohypogastric nerve spinal level? Sensory and motor function?

Answer 31

L1

sensory: skin of inguinal region and superolateral gluteal region
motor: abdominal muscles

Question 32

Ilioinguinal nerve spinal level? Sensory and motor function?

Answer 32

L1

Sensory: skin of inguinal region, scrotum/labia majora and superomedial thigh

motor: abdominal muscles

Question 33

What are the nerves of the lumbar sacral plexus?

Answer 33

iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, genitofemoral, lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh, obturator, femoral

Question 34

Genitofemoral nerve spinal level? Sensory and motor function?

Answer 34

L1-L2

femoral branch: sensory to skin of superomedial thigh

genital branch: sensory to skin of scrotum/labia majora. Motor to cremaster muscle

Question 35

Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh spinal level? Sensory and motor function?

Answer 35

L2-L3

sensory to skin of lateral thigh

Question 36

Obturator nerve spinal level? Sensory and motor function?

Answer 36

L2-L4

emerges medial to psoas major, courses along lateral wall of the pelvis and exits via obturator canal

motor: medial compartment of thigh
sensory: skin of medial thigh

Question 37

Femoral nerve spinal level? Sensory and motor function?

Answer 37

L2-L4

emerges lateral to psoas major, passes deep to inguinal ligament

motor: anterior comportment of thigh
sensory: skin of anteromedial thigh, leg and foot

Question 38

What are the spinal levels for ventral rami of the sacral plexus?

Answer 38

L4-S4

Question 39

What are the nerves of the sacral plexus?

Answer 39

lumbosacral trunk, superior gluteal, inferior gluteal, sciatic, and pudendal

Question 40

spinal levels for lumbosacral trunk?

Answer 40

L4-L5 + S1-S4

Question 41

Superior gluteal nerve

Answer 41

exits pelvis via greater sciatic foramen superior to piriformis

motor: to gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and tensor fascia latae

Question 42

inferior gluteal nerve

Answer 42

exits pelvis via greater sciatic foramen inferior to piriformis

motor: to gluteus maximus

Question 43

sciatic nerve spinal level? Sensory and motor function?

Answer 43

L4-S3

largest nerve in the body

motor: posterior compartment of thigh, all compartments of leg and foot
sensory: skin and most of leg

** sciatic nerve is a combination of common fibular nerve and tibial nerve

Question 44

pudendal nerve spinal level? Sensory and motor function?

Answer 44

S2-S4

exits pelvis via greater sciatic foramen inferior to piriformis goes around ischial spine and enters perineum via the lesser sciatic foramen. enters the pudendal canal on the lateral wall of the ischioanal fossa

motor: muscles of the UG and anal triangles
sensory: skin of the UG and anal triagnles