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Anatomy Exam 2 > Pelvis II > Flashcards

Pelvis II Flashcards

1
Q

What are the spaces where peritoneal fluid can accumulate in females? males?

A

Vesicouterine and retouterine pouches in the female

Rectovesical pouch in the male

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2
Q

ureters

A

come into the pelvis near the bifurcation of the common iliac vessels into the external and internal iliac vessels

course inferior to the uterine artery in the female and inferior to the ductus deferens in the male (water under the bridge)

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3
Q

Why is the ureter vulnerable to injury during a hysterectomy?

A

Because of its close proximity to the uterine artery when the uterine artery is ligated prior to the removal of the uterus

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4
Q

How are the ureters connected to the bladder?

A

The ureters pass obliquely through the posterosuperior bladder wall (forming a one-way valve, which prevents reflux of urine)

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5
Q

Where is the retropubic space located?

A

posterior to the pubis and anterior to the bladder

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6
Q

Bladder is made up of?

A

highly distensible smooth muscle wall

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7
Q

What kind of innervation does the detrusor muscle receive?

A

parasympathetic innervation via pelvic splanchnic nerves, stimulates contraction of the detrusor muscle (promoting micturition)

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8
Q

What surrounds the opening of the urethra in males?

A

The internal urethral sphincter, a smooth muscle sphincter located at the neck of the bladder

Anatomical internal urethral sphincter is only found in men

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9
Q

What kind of innervation does the internal urethral sphincter receive?

A

Sympathetic innervation via the lumbar splanchnic nerves, stimulates its contraction, this prevents micturition and prevents sperm from entering the bladder during ejaculation

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10
Q

What is the trigone

A

the smooth triangle portion on the posterior wall of the bladder, very sensitive to stretch- visceral sensory innervation stimulates the urge to void

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11
Q

Where is the bladder located in males?

A

superior to the prostate gland

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12
Q

Where is the bladder located in babies and children?

A

It extends superior to the pubis where it is susceptible to injury, even when empty

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13
Q

Why is a full bladder susceptible to injury?

A

an injury to the lower abdomen can result in bladder rupture

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14
Q

Uterus

A

mostly intraperitoneal (suspended by the broad ligament). Located between the bladder and rectum

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15
Q

What is the myometrium?

A

the smooth muscle of the uterus, can distend greatly during pregnancy

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16
Q

What is the endometrium?

A

The internal lining of the uterus, made up of granular mucosa. Site of implantation, shed each month during menstruation

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17
Q

Body of the uterus

A

superior 2/3rds of the uterus

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18
Q

Cervix

A

cylindrical inferior 1/3 of the uterus, contains internal and external os

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19
Q

Site of pap smear

A

external os

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20
Q

vagina

A

located between bladder and rectum, continuous with the cervix at the external os, anterior and posterior walls contact each other

21
Q

vaginal fornices

A

the cervix projects into the vagina at its superior end, creating recesses anteriorly, posteriorly and laterally

An incision can be made through the posterior fornix (deepest of the recesses) to examine the peritoneal cavity endoscopically

22
Q

Where do the ovaries originate from?

A

The posterior abdominal wall attached to the gubernaculum. Descend into the pelvis and become attached to the posterior aspect of the broad ligament (intraperitoneal)

23
Q

broad ligament

A

tethers uterus to lateral walls and floor of the pelvis, double layer of peritoneum

24
Q

Suspensory ligament of the ovary

A

encloses the ovarian vessels, nerves and lymphatics that accompanied the descent of the ovary. An extension of the broad ligament

25
Q

What occurs during ovulation?

A

an oocyte is expelled from the ovary into the peritoneal cavity, towards the abdominal orifices of the uterine tubes

26
Q

Uterine tubes are also called

A

Fallopian tubes

27
Q

Uterine tubes

A

intraperitoneal, open into peritoneal cavity at their abdominal orifices which are surrounded by finger like fimbriea

28
Q

Why is pelvic inflammatory disease more common in females?

A

because the peritoneal cavity is open in females and closed in males. The vagina, uterus and uterine tubes provide a pathway into the peritoneal cavity

29
Q

What is the most common site for ectopic pregnancy?

A

uterine tubes

30
Q

What are the remnants of the gubernaculum in females?

A

Ovarian ligament (between ovary and uterus)

round ligament of the uterus ( between uterus and labium majus)

31
Q

Tunica vaginalis

A

parietal peritoneum that is drawn into the inguinal canal and scrotum, surrounds testes

32
Q

What is the tough fibrous coat that covers the testes?

A

tunica albuginea

33
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

contained within testis, site where spermatozoa matures

34
Q

Name the pathway of spermatozoa from the seminiferous tubules

A

seminiferous tubules >

rete testis >

efferent ductules >

epididymis

35
Q

What is a hydrocele?

A

am abnormal accumulation of fluid within the cavity of the tunica vaginalis.

36
Q

Ductus (vas) deferens

A

muscular tube that ascends within the spermatic cord, through the superficial ring and inguinal canal and into the abdomen via the deep inguinal ring. courses superior to the ureter.

Enlarges to from ampulla when it reaches the posterior aspect of the bladder

37
Q

How do you perform a vasectomy?

A

by making an incision in the superior aspect of the scrotum to expose and ligate the ductus deferens

38
Q

seminal vesicles

A

thin walled tubes between the posterior wall of the bladder and the rectum, secrete fluid that mixes with spermatozoa

39
Q

ejaculatory ducts

A

seminal vesicles join the ampullae of the ductus deferens to from ejaculatory ducts. Open into the prostatic urethra

40
Q

Prostate

A

gland that surrounds the prostatic urethra. Secretes fluid into the prostatic urethra via numerous ducts

41
Q

What lobe of the prostate is commonly involved in benign hypertrophy of the prostate?

A

the median lobe

  • stretches internal urethral sphincter- causing urine leakage
  • puts pressure on trigone- causes desire to void
  • can obstruct the prostatic urethra- making it difficult to void
42
Q

posterior lobe of the prostate

A

most common site of prostatic carcinoma

43
Q

What can you palpate on a male rectal exam?

A

Posterior lobe of the prostate and seminal vesicles on the anterior wall of the rectum

In females, the anterior wall of the rectum is related to the vagina

44
Q

Difference of sex development

A

variation in sex differentiation and genitourinary development

related to variations affecting chromosomal, developmental, hormonal, gonadal or phenotypic sex

45
Q

Complete androgen insensitivity (CAIS)

A

46 XY karyotypes but cell receptors don’t respond to androgens

People with CAIS are phenotypically female with incompletely descended testes without a uterus, cervix or fallopian tubes

46
Q

What kind of innervation do pelvic organs receive?

A

parasympathetic, sympathetic, visceral sensory

47
Q

Trace the pathway for parasympathetic innervation of the pelvic organs

A 
s2-s4 intermediate gray matter > 
Ventral root> 
spinal nerves > 
ventral ramus > 
pelvis splanchnic nerves > 
Walls of the pelvic organs
48
Q

Trace the pathway for sympathetic innervation of the pelvic organs (besides ovaries/testes)

A

lateral horn of the thoracolumbar spinal cord >
ventral root >
spinal nerve >
ventral ramus >
white ramus communicans >
sympathetic trunk >
lumbar and sacral splanchnic nerves >
superior or inferior hypogastric ganglia >
follow arterial branches to target organ `

49
Q

Trace the pathway for sympathetic innervation to the ovaries and testes

A 
Lateral horn of the thoracolumbar spinal cord > 
ventral root > 
spinal nerve> 
ventral ramus > 
white ramus communicans > 
sympathetic truck > 
thoracic splanchnic nerves > 
superior mesenteric ganglia > 
follow gonadal vessels to target organ

Anatomy Exam 2 (10 decks)

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