Post World War II (1950 to present)

Question 1

What is Bosman Ruling?

Answer 1

A European Court of Justice decision made on the 15th December 1995 concerning freedom of movement for workers. An important decision as it allowed the freedom movement of labour in the European Union. It effectively allowed footballers within the EU to move at the end of their contract to another club without a transfer being paid.

Question 2

Factors of 20th century sport.

Answer 2

• In the first half of the twentieth century, sport alongside the radio and cinema became part of a commercialised mass entertainment industry.
• Technology has developed.
• Football became Britain’s major sporting activity.
• In the 1900 the maximum wage was set at £4 a week.
• The key time period for professional footballers was during the mid twentieth century when maximum wage was abolished as the result of a strike from the PFA.
• More recently, in the Late 20/21 century football has undergone a massive increase in commercialisation with far more media, TV, internet coverage.
• Salaries have increased massively with the Bosman ruling giving players freedom of contract.

Question 3

What is commercialism?

Answer 3

The process of attempting to gain money from an activity e.g. sport.

Question 4

What is sponsorship?

Answer 4

When a company pays for their products to be publicly displayed or advertised, usually as an attempt to increase the sales of there goods.

Question 5

What is merchandising?

Answer 5

The practice in which the brand or image from one ‘product’ is used to sell another, e.g. professional sport

Question 6

What are the 6 characteristics of commercial sport?

Answer 6

• Contracts
• Wide media coverage
• Professional sport
• Athletes as commodities
• Entertainment
• Sponsorship as business

Question 7

What is globalisation?

Answer 7

The process whereby nations are increasingly being linked together and people are becoming more independent via improvements in communication and travel.

Question 8

What is lawn tennis?

Answer 8

Originally called ‘Sphairkstike’ and played on an hourglass shaped court before it’s name and court shape were quickly replaced.

Question 9

What are the 3 aspects of ‘The Golden Triangle?’

Answer 9

• Sport
• Business
• Media

Question 10

Define the term ‘Open-era’

Answer 10

When professional tennis players were allowed to compete alongside amateurs.

Question 11

List 7 features of lawn tennis.

Answer 11

• Use of specialist equipment.
• Played by the middle class.
• Invented by the middle class.
• Use of standardised rules.
• Played by both males and females.
• It eventually spread to the lower class.
• Organised by the middle class.

Question 12

Why did Association football grow and develop?

Answer 12

• Urbanisation
• More free time
• Improved transport
• Increased professionalism
• Social class links
• Increased organisation

Question 13

Why are more women participating in sport/football?

Answer 13

• Increased media coverage.
• More female role models.
• More provision via school PE programmes.
• Increased approval/encouragement from the FA.
• More clubs are forming
• Increased participation (friends)
• More free time

Question 14

What are the 3 stages of the golden triangle?

Answer 14

• Sport
• Business
• Media

Question 15

Why do companies invest large amounts of money into sport?

Answer 15

• Increases brand awareness

- Creates an association

Question 16

What are the characteristics of commercialisation on sport?

Answer 16

Professional sport - high quality : high skill level
Sponsorship and business - they go hand in hand
Wide media coverage - high profile sport, well matched competition, high skill level.
Entertainment - watching sport is part of a mass entertainment industry.
Contracts - involving sales, of merchandise and bidding for television rights.
Athletes as commodities - e.g. assets to companies through product endorsement which bring increased sales.

Question 17

How was athletics rationalised into track and fields?

Answer 17

• Industrialised society led to rural fairs being replaced by urban fairs.
• Athletics became popular in such towns and cities, with purpose built tracks and facilities built in the mid nineteenth century.
• Walking/running races took place on race courses
• Spectating and wagering took place on athletic events.
• Amateur Athletics Club was formed by ex public school boys

Question 18

How was Real Tennis rationalised and developed into Lawn Tennis?

Answer 18

• Was created by the middle class as they aspired to be like the upper class.
• Established private courts.
• Female participation was first allowed in 1884.

Question 19

How are elite female athletes treated badly?

Answer 19

• Track and field athletics was not deemed to be acceptable for women.
• Women are still excluded from a number of events in the olympics.

Question 20

How has social media impacted sport?

Answer 20

• Players and fans globally communicate.
• Provides sporting info
• Players use it to self promote.
• Some players/coaches have been punished due to inappropriate social media usage.

Question 21

How has there been an emergence of elite female footballers/ officialsin modern day sport?

Answer 21

• Equal opportunities
• UEFA
• Wendy Toms first female referee

Question 22

How is globalisation seen in sport?

Answer 22

• The spreading of sports to new nations
• The sponsorship of events
• Players are recruited for teams in other countries
• Illegal substances from abroad may be used to maintain performance levels.