post midterm class stuff Flashcards
what is encompassed in street crime?
all violent crime, some property crimes, and public order/victimless crimes
causing death directly or indirectly by any means
homicide
what sets murder apart from manslaughter?
culpable intentions vs. no intent
robbery vs B and E
use/threatened use of force and face to face vs. not face to face
why commit violent crimes:
sociocultural influence, historical victimization, bio, psych, gendered
majority of all serious crime is ___
property crime (unlawful actions with intent to gain property, don’t use threat or force
why property crime?
thrill seeking, crime of opportunity, neutralization theory, differential association
this is considered modern day crime
corporate/white collar crime
who is a victim?
person who has suffered harm including physical/mental injury, emotional suffering, economic loss, by reason of an act that is in violation of criminal laws
how does crime affect victim?
physically, financially, emotionally/psychologically, secondary victimization, spiritually
3 “i”s of secondary victimization:
injustice, indignity, isolation
why is crime/tragedy beyond individual’s normal experience and coping abilities?
unpredictable, no control, identity, not personal
3 factors that affect coping
nature of violation and meaning to victim, victim’s previous experiences and life circumstances, kind of help that victim receives immediately after crime/tragedy
factors that affect impact of property crime
nature of violation (self vs property, type of property damaged/destroyed/stolen, vandalism), experiences and circumstances (previous victimization, support network, living alone), kind of help victim receives
stages of victim trauma response:
impact, recoil, reorganization
what is recoil stage?
struggle regain balance, often common reactions can be emotional, physiological, behavioural
what is reorganization stage?
regain equilibrium, reactions diminish or disappear
what is a secondary victim?
person who is connected to primary victim or affected by crime/traumatic event such as kid who saw homicide or family left behind in murder
victims of crime need:
support, be listened to, info, links to supports, have anger acknowledged, know reactions are normal, assistance in regaining control
victim contributory role:
lifestyle factors, presence or lack of protective measures and education
personal victimization dependent upon:
lifestyle model, routine activities approach, opportunity model
three key elements of routine activities approach:
motivated offender, suitable target, absence of guardian
what is opportunity model?
ppl’s lifestyle and daily activities that bring them in contact with offenders
current services for victims:
police based services, crown/court based services, victims and corrections, system based services
victim gets advanced notification of :
offender release dates, changes to offender’s incarceration status, transfers to minimum security facilities
criminal sanction in particular the payment of compensation by offender to victim, court imposed fines and garnishments
victim restitution
leader in taking detailed perspective in body-typing
Johan Casper Lavater
art of judging human behaviour by study of facial features
physiognomy
this person was the father of sociology and first introduced positivism
Comte
father of modern criminology who pioneered idea of biological determinism theory of criminality based on idea of atavism
Lombroso
what is atavism?
individuals not completely evolved, so throwbacks to primitive time, therefore more criminal traits
4 main classifications related to atavism:
1) born crimnial 2) criminal by passion 3) insane criminal 4) occasional criminal
subtypes of ocassional criminal:
pseudo-criminal (accidental), crimnialoids (weak thinkers), habitual criminals (social and external factors)
this perspective focuses on mental processes (thoughts, feelings, behaviours) and importance of self regulation, refers to ability of individuals to make sense of sensory experiences in world around them (crim behaviour result of faulty/irrational thinking)
cognitive perspective
two types of aggression:
hostile (direct acting out) and instrumental (intentionally weighs options in effort to get what is desired)
risk of aggression ____ with outside interference
increases
^ risk for punishment ___ chance of it being committed
decreases
theory posits that ppl learn to be aggressive via life experiences (sees aggression being rewarded)
bandura’s social learning theory
4 factors help produce violence and aggression:
1) an event that provokes arousal such as being verbally abused or being assaulted
2) aggressive skills learned from observing others
3) expected outcomes, rewards from aggression
4) consistency of bhaviour with values
diagnosed personality disorder ; aggressive anti social tendencies linked to underdeveloped superego
psychopath
unsocialized individuals with patterned behaviour that conflicts with law
anti-social personality
WHO definition of anti social personality:
callous unconcern for feelings of others, gross and persistent attitude of irresponsibility and disregard for social rules, incapacity to maintain enduring relationships yet can develop these fine, very low tolerance to frustration and easy use of violence, can’t experience guilt
determination of the ability of offender to stand trial
fitness to stand trial
Chicago school was:
emphasized research in community , was reformist and positivistic (not radical or revolutionary), focus on lower class groups
main premise of chicago school:
rapid social change –>social breakdown–>anomic–>social disorganization
changes that contribute to social disorganization
urbanization, migration, immigration, industrialization and technological change
learning in diff association includes:
technique of deviance and motives for behaviour
whether person becomes deviant depends on 4 factors:
frequency, duration, priority, intensity
this person developed strain theory out of work of Durkheim
Robert Merton
merton’s 4 assumptions in version of anomie/strain:
all modern societies have core common values, majority of members internalize values, significant values are those that channel energy toward obtaining certain goals, all members do not have = opportunity to achieve goals
5 modes of adaptation to anomie/strain:
conformist, innovator, ritualist, retreatist, rebellion
theory by Hirschi that focuses on techniques/strategies that regulate behaviour and ensure conformity
social bond theory
4 social bonds:
attachment, commitment (stakes), involvement (time and energy), belief
central focus of symbolic interactionism:
development of self image, self concept, identity, looking glass self
3 fundamental factors of Beccaria’s classical deterrence theory:
certainty of punishment, swiftness of justice, severity of sanction
3 important social costs:
stigma, attachment, commitment
general deterrence has ___ effect and specific deterrence has ___ effect
demonstration; direct personal
criticism of peace making theory:
difficult use for serious crimes, habitual offenders not benefit from this
4 components of reintegrative shaming theory
1) disapproval occurs in context in which those who disapprove sustain a general respect w/ those who engaged in criminal behaviour 2) ceremonies to certify criminal act are followed by ceremonies to de certify it 3) disapproval of offending act occurs without labelling ppl themselves as evil 4) disapprovers make efforts to avoid having criminal behaviour become master status
