Chapter 9

Question 1

theory that asserts that criminal behaviour is learned in interaction with others and that the socialization processes that occur as a result of group membership are the primary route thru which this learning occurs.

Answer 1

social process (interactionist) theory

Question 2

perspective that places primary emphasis on the role of communication and socialization in the acquisition of learned patterns of criminal behaviour and the values that support that behaviour

Answer 2

social learning theory

Question 3

sociological thesis that criminality, like any other form of behaviour is learned thru process of association with others who communicate criminal values

Answer 3

differential association (Edwin Sutherland)

Question 4

9 principles of differential association:

Answer 4

1) criminal behaviour is learned 2) learned in interaction with others 3) principal part of learning of criminal behaviour occurs within intimate personal groups 4) the learning includes a) techniques of committing the crime, which are sometimes very complicated and sometimes very simple b) the specific direction of motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes 5) specific direction of motives/drives is learned form definitions of the legal codes as favourable or unfavourable 6) person becomes delinquent cuz excess of definitions favourable to law violation 7) diff associations may vary in frequency/duration/priority/intensity 8) the process of learning criminal behaviour by association with criminal and anti-criminal patterns involves all the mechanisms involved in any other learning 9) although crime behaviour is expression of general needs and values, not explained by those general needs and values cuz non-criminal behaviour also expression of same needs and values

Question 5

culturally available justifications that can provide criminal offenders with the means to disavow responsibility for their behaviour

Answer 5

techniques of neutralization

Question 6

5 types of justifications:

Answer 6

1. deny responsibility 2. deny injury 3. deny victim 4. condemning the condemners 5. appealing to higher loyalties

Question 7

process whereby an individual is negatively defined by agencies of justice

Answer 7

tagging

Question 8

initial deviance often undertaken to deal with transient probs in living

Answer 8

primary deviance

Question 9

deviant behaviour that results from official labelling and from association with others who have been so labelled

Answer 9

secondary deviance

Question 10

interactionist perspective that sees continued crime as consequence of limited opportunities for acceptable behaviour that follow from the neg responses of society to those defined as offenders

Answer 10

labelling theory (Becker)

Question 11

efforts made by an interest group to have its sense of propriety enacted into law

Answer 11

moral enterprise

Question 12

form of shaming imposed as a sanction by the CJS that is thought to strengthen the moral bond between the offender and the community

Answer 12

reintegrative shaming

Question 13

form of shaming imposed as a sanction by CJS that is thought to destroy the moral bond between the offender and the community

Answer 13

stigmatic shaming

Question 14

perspectives predicting that when social constraints on anti-social behaviour are weakened or absent, delinquent behaviour emerges. Rather than stressing causative factors in criminal behaviour, this theory asks why ppl actually obey rules instead of breaking them

Answer 14

social control theory

Question 15

form of social control theory that suggest a series of both internal and external factors contributes to law abiding behaviour

Answer 15

containment theory

Question 16

aspects of the social bond that act as a stabilizing force to prevent individuals from committing crimes and that keep them from engaging in deviance

Answer 16

containment

Question 17

link, created through socialization, between individuals and the society of which they are a part

Answer 17

social bond

Question 18

4 components of social bond:

Answer 18

1) attachment 2) commitment (amount of energy) 3) involvement (amount of time) 4) belief

Question 19

what is the general theory of crime?

Answer 19

assertion that the operation of a single mechanism, low self-control, accounts for all crime at all time, including acts ranging from vandalism to homicide, from sex assault to white collar

Question 20

integrated perspective on human development that simultaneously examines many diff lvls of development — psych, bio, familial, interpersonal, cultural, societal, ecological

Answer 20

social development theories

Question 21

7 developmental tasks that adolescents must confront:

Answer 21

1) establish identity 2) cultivate symbolic relationships 3) define physical attractiveness 4) invest in value system 5) obtain education 6)) separate from family 7) obtain and maintain gainful employment

Question 22

perspective that draws attention to the fact that criminal behaviour tends to follow distinct pattern across life cycle

Answer 22

life course perspective

Question 23

3 sets of dynamic concepts are important to the life course perspective:

Answer 23

1) activation 2) aggravation 3) desistance

Question 24

3 types of activation:

Answer 24

1) acceleration 2) stabilization 3) diversification

Question 25

approach to understanding crime that draws attention to the ways ppl develop over the course of their lives

Answer 25

evolutionary ecology

Question 26

positive development pathways fostered when youth able to develop:

Answer 26

1) sense of industry /competency 2) feeling of connectedness to others 3) belief in ability to control future 4) stable identity

Question 27

3 separate development pathways to delinquency:

Answer 27

authority conflict, covert, overt