Chapter 10 Flashcards
analytical perspective on social organization that holds that conflict is a fundamental aspect of social life and can never fully be resolved
social conflict perspective
assumptions of social conflict theory
1) society is divided by conflict rather than integrated by consensus 2) society made up of many social groups based on political/economic power, diversity based on distinctions in social class, gender, sex orientation 3) basic nature of group conflict centres on the exercise of political power 4) powerful groups make laws that protect interest 5) crime is outcome of conflict between those who have power and those who don’t
diff between radical and critical criminology?
radical is proactive, critical is reactive
perspective that holds that the causes of crime are rooted in social conditions empowering the wealthy and politically well organized but disenfranchising the less fortunate
radical criminology
the class of ppl that owns the means of production
Bourgeoisie
the class of people who are the working class
proletariat
distinction made between individuals on basis of important social characteristics
social class
Chambliss and Seidman 4 propositions:
1) condition of one’s life affect one’s values and norms 2) complex societies composed of groups with diff life conditions and conflicting sets of norms 3) probability of given group’s having its particular norm system embodied in law not distributed equally but related to position of that group 4) ^ position means > probability views reflected in laws
Richard quinny 6 Marxist propositions:
1) american society is based on advanced capitalist economy 2) state is organized to serve the interests of dominant economic class 3) criminal law is an instrument of state and ruling class to maintain existing social order 4) crime control is accomplished through variety of institutions established and administered by gov elite representing ruling class interests 5) contradictions of advanced capitalism require that subordinate classes remain oppressed by whatever means necessary, esp. thru the coercion and violence of legal system 6) only collapse of capitalist society and creation of a new society based on socialism will solve crime
perspective that holds that structural institutions of society influence the behaviour of individuals and groups by virtue of type of relationships created
structural marxism
perspective that holds that those in power intentionally create laws and social institutions that serve own interests and that keep others from becoming powerful
instrumental marxism
perspective that holds that crime is natural product of capitalist system
critical criminology
7 criminogenic mechanisms in market society;
1) progressive destruction of livelihood 2) growth of extremes of economic inequality and material deprivation 3) withdrawal of public services and supports esp. for families and children 4) erosion of informal and communal networks of mutual support, supervision, care 5) spread of materialistic, neglectful, hard culture 6) unregulated marketing of tech of violence 7) weakening of social and political alternatives
approach to criminology based on ideas inherent in perspectives of left realism
left realist criminology
left realism is:
a social conflict perspective that insists on a pragmatic assessment of crime and its associated probs
corrective model intended to redirect the thinking of mainstream criminologists to include gender awareness
feminist criminology
five strands of feminist thought that inform feminist criminology today:
liberal, radical, Marxist, socialist, postmodern
what is liberal feminism?
feminist perspective in criminology that sees gender role socialization as primary source of women’s oppression
what is liberal feminism?
sees patriarchy as cause of women’s oppression
what is Marxist feminism?
sees oppression of women as caused by their subordinate class status within capitalist society
what is. socialist feminism?
perspective of modern criminology that sees gender oppression as consequence of interaction between economic structure of society and gender based roles
what is postmodern feminism?
questions social construction of concepts typically used in discussions of crime and justice
5 elements of fem thought:
1) gender is not natural fact but complex social, historical, cultural product related to biological sex differences 2) gender and gender relations order social life and social institutions in fundamental ways 3) gender relations and constructs o masculinity and femininity are not symmetrical but based on organizing principle of men’s superiority and dominance over women 4) systems of knowledge reflect men’s views of the nature and social world; the production of knowledge is gendered 5) women should be at the centre, not the periphery, or intellectual inquiry–not invisible or treated as appendages to men
5 major contributions of fem. theories:
1) focus on gender as central organizing principle 2) awareness of importance of power in shaping social relationships 3) heightened sensitivity to way which social context helps shape human relations 4) recognition that social reality must be understood as process and development of research methods must take this into account 5) commitment to social change as a crucial part of fem. scholarship and practice
explanations fo criminality in women:
1) economic/financial need 2) drug involvement 3) personal anger rooted in abuse and loss 4) fear
perspective that holds that crime control agencies and citizens they serve should work together to alleviate social probs and human suffering and reduce crime; emphasize compassion and service
peacemaking criminology (Quinney, Pepinsky)
peacemaking criminology draws attention to these issues:
1) perpetuation of violence thru continuation of social policies based on dominant forms of crime theory 2) role of education 3) common-sense theories of crime 4) crime control as human rights enforcement 5) conflict resolution within community settings
approach to crime control focusing on effective ways for developing shared consensus on critical issues that have potential to seriously affect quality of life
peace model
perspective that stresses solutions and restoration rather than imprisonment, punishment, neglect of victims
restorative justice
groups of community members who actively assist justice authorities by participating in discussions about available sentencing options and plans to reintegrate the offender back into community
circle sentencing conferences
program that gives offender opportunity to meet face to face with victim in presence of trained mediator in attempt to reduce victim’s fears while establishing accountability and reparation
VORP (victim offender reconciliation program)
forum for dealing with unanswered questions/emotions/victim’s right to restitution and reparation resulting from crime
family group conferencing
groups composed of volunteers from the community who focus on restorative measures such as restitution, reparation, mediation, victim involvement
community sentencing panels
policing involving proactive collaboration between police and community to prevent and respond to crime and other community probs
community policing
relatively informal type of justice case processing that makes use of local community resources rather than requiring traditional forms of official intervention
participatory justice
