Post Midterm 2 (Part 2) Flashcards
T/F: GFR regulates itself and regulates the renal blood flow (RBF).
True
Tubuloglomerular Feedback (TGF)
GFR ____________, the flow through the tubules increase. The flow through the ______________ also increase. _____________ from the macula densa act on the afferent arteriole. The afferent arteriole ______________, and the GFR decreases.
Increases
Macula densa
Paracrines
Vasoconstriction
Paracrine signalling occurs at the __________________________.
Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
In TRANSepithelial transport, substances cross the __________ and ______________ membranes.
Apical
Basolateral
In PARAcellular pathway, substances pass through ______________ of adjacent cells.
Tight junctions
SGLT stands for …
Sodium-glucose linked transporter
GLUT is a _____________.
Uniporter
In glucose reabsorption, Na+ moves down its electrochemical gradient and uses the ________ to pull glucose into the cell. Glucose diffuses out of the _____________ side of the cell using the GLUT protein. Na+ is pumped out by
Na+/K+ ATPase.
SGLT
Basolateral
The primary driving force to pulling substances back in is due to HIGH __________________________ in the peritubular capillaries due to the ___________ left behind in the efferent arteriole.
Colloid pressure (Pi) Protein
Secretion removes _____________ and foreign substances.
Metabolites
Excretion route is mainly via _____________.
Kidneys
The molecules __ and ____ are for ECF volume and osmolarity.
Na+
H2O
The molecule __ is for cardiac and muscle function.
K+
The molecule ___ is for exocytosis of nts, muscle contraction and bone formation.
Ca2+
The molecules __ and ____ is for pH balance.
H+
HCO3-
Fluid and electrolyte balance involves integration of _____________, renal, and __________________ systems.
Respiratory
Cardiovascular
Vasopressin is also known as ADH and _____________ vasopressin.
Arginine
Vasopressin controls the addition of _____________ in the apical membrane of the collecting ducts.
Aquaporins
Which stimuli trigger Vasopressin? These are sensed by the HYPOTHALAMUS.
1 High plasma osmolarity (>280mOsM; Interneurons)
2 Low blood pressure (Carotid + Aortic baroreceptors)
3 Low blood volume (Atrial stretch receptors)
Aldosterone acts on the _____________ cells of the distal tubule and collecting duct, which results in an increase of sodium reabsorption.
Principal (Na+)
Hyperkalemia is HIGH ____ in the plasma.
[K+]
Aldosterone is triggered by the ______ and the _____.
⬆️[K+]
⬇️BP
What is the Aldosterone pathway?
Decrease BP = RAS pathway ➡️ Adrenal cortex ➡️Aldosterone ➡️ P cells of collecting duct ➡️ Increase Na+ reabsorption/K+ secretion
High [K+] = Adrenal cortex ➡️Aldosterone ➡️ P cells of collecting duct ➡️ Increase Na+ reabsorption/K+ secretion
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
Granular cells produce _________. Renin converts Angiotensinogen to _______. The _____________________ converts ANG I to ANG II. Aldosterone is released from the adrenal cortex which causes an ____________________ of the distal tubules.
Renin
ANG I
Angiotensin-converting enzyme
⬆️[Na+] reabsorption
What are other targets of ANG II?
1 Cardiovascular control centre (Increase CO)
2 Arterioles (Vasoconstriction)
3 Hypothalamus (Increase vasopressin release, induce thirst, salt appetite)
What are the 3 factors that maintain pH Homeostasis?
1 Buffers
2 Regulation of Ventilation
3 Kidneys (H+)
What are some examples of buffers?
HCO3- (ECF)
Proteins
Hemoglobin
Phosphates
Acidosis is due to _____ventilation, which secretes ___ and reabsorbs _____.
Hypo
H+
HCO3-
Alkalosis is due to ______ventilation, which secretes ____ and reabsorbs ___.
Hyper
HCO3-
H+
The ⬆️ volume and maintenance of osmolarity is done by ____________.
Aldosterone
The ⬆️ of volume regardless of osmolarity is done by ______________.
Vasopressin
Aldosterone
The ⬇️ is osmolarity regardless of volume is done by _____________.
Vasopressin
The respiratory control centre is in the __________.
Medulla
Acid-base balance occurs in the ________________.
Collecting duct
At rest within the bladder, the INTERNAL sphincter is ______________. The EXTERNAL sphincter ______________.
Passively contracted
Stays contracted
Micturition causes the INTERNAL sphincter to be _____________________. The EXTERNAL sphincter _________.
Passively pulled OPEN
Relaxes
The Parathyroid hormone is produced when there is a ⬇️ in plasma Ca2+ levels. What does PTH do in the body?
1 Liberates bone
2 Calcium reabsorption (Kidney)
3 Calcium absorption (SI)
The Calcitriol is produced when there is a ⬇️ in plasma Ca2+ levels. What does vitamin D3 do in the body?
1 Calcium reabsorption (Bone)
2 Calcium absorption (SI)
Calcitonin is produced when ca2+ levels are HIGH. What does this hormone do in the body?
1 Promotes storage (bone formation)
2 inhibits Calcium reabsorption (Kidney)
What is similar with Phosphates and Calcium?
1 They’re absorbed in the INTESTINES
2 Filtered and reabsorbed by kidney
*Same hormones, targets, and mechanisms
What are the accessory glands of the GI?
Salivary glands
Liver
Pancreas
Gallbladder
What are the organs of the GI?
Oral cavity Esophagus Stomach SI LI Rectum
The MUCOSA consists of …
Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae
The SUBMUCOSA is made up of loose connective tissues which contain …
Nerve trunks
Blood supply
Lymph vessels
The MUSCULARIS EXTERNA is the outer wall of the GI tract. It consists of _______ circular layer and _______ longitudinal layer.
Inner
Outer
The SEROSA consists of connective tissue and secretory epithelium. It __________, protects, and suspends the GI tract.
Lubricates
The myenteric plexus and submucosal plexus are part of the _____________.
Enteric Nervous System
