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SFU 205 > Midterm 2 (Part 2) > Flashcards

Midterm 2 (Part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Excitation Contraction Coupling (Skeletal Muscle)

Somatic motor neuron releases ____ at NMJ. Net entry of ____ through ACh receptor channel initiates muscle AP. AP alters conformation of ______________ which opens ________. Calcium enters the cytoplasm.

A

ACh
Na+
Dihydropyridine L-type Ca2+ channel
Ryanodine receptor channel

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2
Q

RyR is _______________ gated.

A

Mechanically

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3
Q

___________ are force producing myocardial cells and pump ______.

A

Myocytes

Blood

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4
Q

Pacemakers generate _____________, rhythmic AP’s which are responsible for ______________.

A

Spontaneous

Heartbeat

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5
Q

Cardiac myocytes are connected in series by intercalated disks which contain ___________ and ________________ (electrical coupling).

A

Desmosomes

Gap junctions

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6
Q

Smooth muscles have no ______________ and T-tubules.

A

Sarcomeres

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7
Q

Excitation Contraction Coupling (Cardiac Myocytes)

AP enters cell from adjacent cell causing ____ influx. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channel ______ and calcium enters the cell. Ca2+ binds to ___________ and triggers the channel to open. The local release causes a ___________ creating a calcium signal. Calcium ions bind to ___________ for contraction.

A 
Na+
Opens
SR RyR
Ca2+ spark
Troponin
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8
Q

The cardiovascular system consists of …

A

Blood
Heart
Blood vessels

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9
Q

The major blood vessels are …

A

1 Inferior and Superior Vena Cava
2 Pulmonary arteries
3 Pulmonary veins
4 Aorta

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10
Q

The heart is surrounded by ___________ to reduce fiction on the heart.

A

Pericardium

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11
Q

_______________ prevent AV valves from inverting.

A

Chordae tendinae

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12
Q

The atrioventricular valves consists of …

A

Tricuspid

Bicuspid (Mitral)

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13
Q

The semilunar valves consists of …

A

Pulmonary

Aortic

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14
Q

Ventricular CONTRACTION cause AV valves to _________, and semilunar valves to _________.

A

Close

Open

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15
Q

Ventricular RELAXATION cause AV valves to _________, and semilunar valves to _________.

A

Open

Close

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16
Q

What are the phases of Ventricular AP (Cardiomyocytes)?

A 
0 - Rapid Upstroke (Depolarization)
1 - Notch
2 - Plateau
3 - Rapid Repolarization 
4 - Rest
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17
Q

End-Diastolic Volume is _________.

A

135 mL

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18
Q

End-Systolic Volume is ________.

A

~65mL

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19
Q

Heart sounds are vibrations associated with valve closure.

LUB - DUB

A

S1 - S2

AV - Semilunar

20
Q

Stroke volume is the AMOUNT of blood pumped by one _________ during a contraction.

SV = EDV - ESV
~70mL/beat

A

Ventricle

21
Q

Cardiac output is the VOLUME of blood pumped by one ventricle in a given time. What is the equation?

A

CO = HR * SV

~5L/min

22
Q

What are the mechanical events of 1 Cardiac Cycle?

A

Late Diastole (ventricles fill passively)

Atrial Systole (forces extra blood into ventricles; PASSIVE)

Isovolumic Ventricular Contraction (no blood ejection)

Ventricular Ejection (semilunar valve OPENS)

Isovolumic Ventricular Relaxation (blood flows back into cusps of semilunar valves and snaps them close)

23
Q

The Wiggers Diagram

What are the events that take place starting with the left chambers?

A 
1 Mitral valve CLOSES.
2 Aortic valve OPENS.
3 EDV
4 Aortic valve CLOSES.
5 Mitral valve OPENS.
6 ESV
24
Q

Autonomic effect on …

SA Node are Parasympathetic _____ on M2 receptor or Sympathetic ___ on Adrenergic B1 receptor.

Ventricular Myocytes have an ___________ effect.

A

ACh
NE

Ionotropic

25
Q

______________ is a regulatory protein that alters SERCA activity.

A

Phospholamban

26
Q

Pacemaker AP’s are driven by __________________________________ which conduct Na+ and K+.

A

Hyperpolarization-activated Cyclic nucleotide gated channels (HCN)

27
Q

Action potentials are initiated in the _________ to set the pace of the heart (~70 bpm).

A

SA Node

28
Q

The structures of electrical conduction in the heart are …

A

AV node
SA node
Purkinje fibers

29
Q

Tachycardia is where the HR is _________ than normal.

A

Faster

30
Q

Ventricular fibrillation is where the heart does not function as an effective _____ which can lead to death.

A

Pump

31
Q

P wave =

A

Atrial depolarization

32
Q

QRS complex =

A

Atrial repolarization

Ventricular depolarization*

33
Q

T wave =

A

Ventricular repolarization

34
Q

Arteries are _________ reservoirs and are highly elastic.

A

Pressure

35
Q

Arterioles are the point of regulation and have lots of _______ muscles. Arterioles have __________ resistance.

A

Smooth

Variable

36
Q

Veins are _______ reservoirs, where they easily receive more blood at rest.

A

Volume

37
Q

Blood Flow =

A

Cardiac Output (CO)

38
Q

Metarterioles can act as _______________ if sphincters are closed. The also allow _______ molecules to reach venous circulation.

A

Bypass channels

Large

39
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) =

Proportional to CO * Resistance

A

Diastolic pressure + 1/3 Pulse pressure

Ranges from 70-110 mmHg

40
Q

What are factors that increase MAP?

A

1 ⬆️ Blood volume (fluid intake)
2 ⬆️ CO
3 ⬆️ Resistance (decrease radius of arterioles)
4 ⬆️ Venous constriction (decrease radius of veins)

41
Q

Myogenic Autoregulation is ___________ control. The __ in pressure leads to vasoconstriction which __ blood flow.

Opens mechanically-gated channels (smooth muscle) ➡️ Depolarization ➡️ Opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

A

Reflexive
⬆️
⬇️

42
Q

Arteriole diameter is controlled by the tonic release of ______________.

A

Norepinephrine

⬆️NE = Constriction

⬇️Ne = Dilation

43
Q

SNS Effects

Smooth muscle (General)

A

α1

Gq

Vasoconstriction

44
Q

SNS Effects

Smooth muscle (Liver/Heart)

A

β2

Gs

Vasodilation

45
Q

SNS Effects

Cardiac Muscle

A

β1

Gs

⬆ ️Stroke Volume

SFU 205 (5 decks)

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