Midterm 1 Flashcards
K+
ICF/ECF
ICF: 140 mM
ECF: 4 mM
mV: -94
Na+
ICF/ECF
ICF: 15 mM
ECF: 145 mM
mV: +60
Ca2+
ICF/ECF
ICF: <0.001 mM
ECF: 1.8 mM
mV: +99
Cl-
ICF/ECF
ICF: 4 mM
ECF: 115 mM
mV: -89
What is the primary contributor to RMP in all cells?
K+
LOCAL Communication Methods between Cells
1) Gap junctions
2) Contact-dependent
3) Autocrine
4) Paracrine
LONG DISTANCE Communication between Cells
1) Neuronal
2) Endocrine
Neurotransmitters are secreted by _________
Neurotissues
Hormones are secreted by _________
Endocrine glands
Neurohormones (chemicals) are released by ________
Neurons
Example: Oxytocin and Vasopressin (Posterior Pituitary)
Steroid hormones act on _____cellular receptors.
Intra
Extracellular signal molecules act on ________ receptors.
Surface
Gs pathway
AC ➡️ cAMP ➡️ Protein kinase A
Gq pathway
PLC ➡️ IP3 ➡️ Release of Ca2+
➡️ Diacylglycerol (DAG) ➡️ Protein kinase C (PKC)
Peptide hormones are made __________ and ______ in vesicles. They’re released into ECF via __________ then _________ into the blood. They act on _______ proteins.
In advance Stored Exocytosis Diffuses Target
Steroid hormones are made from __________. The ______ ER synthesize ________. They act within the _______ of the cell.
*Slow, genomic response
Cholesterol
Smooth
Lipids
Nucleus
Amine hormones are derived from _________.
Tyrosine
Catecholamines are similar to _______ hormones. They act on _________ receptors.
Peptide
Membrane
Thyroid hormones are similar to _________ hormones. They act on ____________ receptors.
Steroid
Intracellular
ENDOcrine Pancreas have specialized cells.
1 Alpha cells secrete GLUCAGON
2 Beta cells secrete INSULIN
EXOcrine Pancreas have specialized cells.
1) Acinar cells secrete DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
2 Duct cells secrete NaHCO3
The anterior pituitary secretes ___________.
This secretes true hormones.
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
FSH Prolactin GH ACTH LH
Adrenal cortex secretes ___________.
Aldosterone
Down regulation usually involves ____________ of membrane receptors.
Endocytosis
Sensitization and Desensitization is also known as _______________. The total number of receptors ___________ change.
Phosphorylation
Does not
When blood glucose is HIGH, _____ cells activate ____________ where the body takes up more glucose. The liver stores it as ________. Blood glucose levels decline.
Beta
Tyrosine kinase
Glycogen
When blood glucose is LOW, _____ cells activate ____________ where the liver is able to break down glycogen, and release ________ into the blood. Blood glucose levels increase.
Alpha
GPCR (Gs)
Glucose
Types of SENSORY neurons
Pseudounipolar
Bipolar
Types of INTERNEURONS
Anaxonic
Multipolar
Type of EFFERENT neurons
Multipolar
Graded potentials can be mechanical/_________/voltage-gated channels. EPSP ions are ___, ____. IPSP ion is __. These can be ______ with no minimum level required to initiate.
Chemical
Na+, K+
Cl-
Summed
Subthreshold graded potentials =
No action potential
Suprathreshold graded potentials =
Yes action potential
Myelin speeds up conduction.
_ Membrane resistance (Rm)
_ Membrane Capacitance
⬆️
⬇️
Ionotropic responses are ____ and mediated by ________ channels.
Fast
Receptor
Metabotropic responses are ____ and mediated by _____.
Slow
GPCR
Meninges stabilize and protect neural tissue. The 3 involved are __________.
1 Pia mater
2 Dura mater
3 Arachnoid membrane
_________________ produce the cerebrospinal fluid. They transport ____ and nutrients from the blood into the CSF.
Choroid plexus
Ions
___________ foot processes secrete paracrines that promote _______________ formation.
Astrocyte
Tight junction
Gray matter are clusters of _____________. In the PNS, they’re called __________.
Cell bodies
Ganglion
White matter are tracts of ____________ axon fibers. In the PNS, they’re called _________.
Myelinated
Nerves
Forebrain is composed of …
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Brainstem is composed of __________, __________, ___________. Its main function is __________ control.
Medulla, Pons, Midbrain
Autonomic
Examples: breathing, respiration, eye movements
Corpus callosum connects …
L/R hemispheres
Diencephalon is composed of ___________, ____________, ______________, ____________.
Hypothalamus
Pineal gland
Thalamus
Pituitary gland
Basal ganglia control smooth, ____________ movement.
Voluntary
The Limbic System is composed of 3 parts…
1 Amygdala (links Emotion) 2 Cingulate gyrus (Emotions 3 Hippocampus (Memory + Learning)
The Hypothalamus is responsible for _______________ control centre. It maintains ___________, motivates ________ and drinking behaviour. It stimulates _________ centre and interacts with the _________ system.
Homeostatic Body temperature Thirst Satiety Limbic
Cerebellum (“little brain”) coordinates _________.
Movement
The inability to speak …
Broca’s aphasia
The inability to understand…
Wernicke’s aphasia
Neurotransmitter(s) in the SYMPATHETIC pathway:
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Neurotransmitter(s) in the PARASYMPATHETIC pathway:
Acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter(s) for an IONOTROPIC response:
Nicotinic receptor
Neurotransmitter(s) for a METABOTROPIC response:
1 Adrenergic receptor (α and β)
2 Muscarinic receptor (M1-M5)
