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SFU 205 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

K+

ICF/ECF

A

ICF: 140 mM

ECF: 4 mM

mV: -94

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2
Q

Na+

ICF/ECF

A

ICF: 15 mM

ECF: 145 mM

mV: +60

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3
Q

Ca2+

ICF/ECF

A

ICF: <0.001 mM

ECF: 1.8 mM

mV: +99

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4
Q

Cl-

ICF/ECF

A

ICF: 4 mM

ECF: 115 mM

mV: -89

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5
Q

What is the primary contributor to RMP in all cells?

A

K+

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6
Q

LOCAL Communication Methods between Cells

A

1) Gap junctions
2) Contact-dependent
3) Autocrine
4) Paracrine

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7
Q

LONG DISTANCE Communication between Cells

A

1) Neuronal

2) Endocrine

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8
Q

Neurotransmitters are secreted by _________

A

Neurotissues

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9
Q

Hormones are secreted by _________

A

Endocrine glands

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10
Q

Neurohormones (chemicals) are released by ________

A

Neurons

Example: Oxytocin and Vasopressin (Posterior Pituitary)

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11
Q

Steroid hormones act on _____cellular receptors.

A

Intra

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12
Q

Extracellular signal molecules act on ________ receptors.

A

Surface

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13
Q

Gs pathway

A

AC ➡️ cAMP ➡️ Protein kinase A

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14
Q

Gq pathway

A

PLC ➡️ IP3 ➡️ Release of Ca2+

➡️ Diacylglycerol (DAG) ➡️ Protein kinase C (PKC)

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15
Q

Peptide hormones are made __________ and ______ in vesicles. They’re released into ECF via __________ then _________ into the blood. They act on _______ proteins.

A 
In advance
Stored
Exocytosis
Diffuses
Target
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16
Q

Steroid hormones are made from __________. The ______ ER synthesize ________. They act within the _______ of the cell.

*Slow, genomic response

A

Cholesterol
Smooth
Lipids
Nucleus

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17
Q

Amine hormones are derived from _________.

A

Tyrosine

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18
Q

Catecholamines are similar to _______ hormones. They act on _________ receptors.

A

Peptide

Membrane

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19
Q

Thyroid hormones are similar to _________ hormones. They act on ____________ receptors.

A

Steroid

Intracellular

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20
Q

ENDOcrine Pancreas have specialized cells.

A

1 Alpha cells secrete GLUCAGON

2 Beta cells secrete INSULIN

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21
Q

EXOcrine Pancreas have specialized cells.

A

1) Acinar cells secrete DIGESTIVE ENZYMES

2 Duct cells secrete NaHCO3

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22
Q

The anterior pituitary secretes ___________.

This secretes true hormones.

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

FSH
Prolactin
GH
ACTH
LH
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23
Q

Adrenal cortex secretes ___________.

A

Aldosterone

24
Q

Down regulation usually involves ____________ of membrane receptors.

A

Endocytosis

25
Q

Sensitization and Desensitization is also known as _______________. The total number of receptors ___________ change.

A

Phosphorylation

Does not

26
Q

When blood glucose is HIGH, _____ cells activate ____________ where the body takes up more glucose. The liver stores it as ________. Blood glucose levels decline.

A

Beta
Tyrosine kinase
Glycogen

27
Q

When blood glucose is LOW, _____ cells activate ____________ where the liver is able to break down glycogen, and release ________ into the blood. Blood glucose levels increase.

A

Alpha
GPCR (Gs)
Glucose

28
Q

Types of SENSORY neurons

A

Pseudounipolar

Bipolar

29
Q

Types of INTERNEURONS

A

Anaxonic

Multipolar

30
Q

Type of EFFERENT neurons

A

Multipolar

31
Q

Graded potentials can be mechanical/_________/voltage-gated channels. EPSP ions are ___, ____. IPSP ion is __. These can be ______ with no minimum level required to initiate.

A

Chemical
Na+, K+
Cl-
Summed

32
Q

Subthreshold graded potentials =

A

No action potential

33
Q

Suprathreshold graded potentials =

A

Yes action potential

34
Q

Myelin speeds up conduction.

_ Membrane resistance (Rm)
_ Membrane Capacitance

A

⬆️

⬇️

35
Q

Ionotropic responses are ____ and mediated by ________ channels.

A

Fast

Receptor

36
Q

Metabotropic responses are ____ and mediated by _____.

A

Slow

GPCR

37
Q

Meninges stabilize and protect neural tissue. The 3 involved are __________.

A

1 Pia mater
2 Dura mater
3 Arachnoid membrane

38
Q

_________________ produce the cerebrospinal fluid. They transport ____ and nutrients from the blood into the CSF.

A

Choroid plexus

Ions

39
Q

___________ foot processes secrete paracrines that promote _______________ formation.

A

Astrocyte

Tight junction

40
Q

Gray matter are clusters of _____________. In the PNS, they’re called __________.

A

Cell bodies

Ganglion

41
Q

White matter are tracts of ____________ axon fibers. In the PNS, they’re called _________.

A

Myelinated

Nerves

42
Q

Forebrain is composed of …

A

Cerebrum

Diencephalon

43
Q

Brainstem is composed of __________, __________, ___________. Its main function is __________ control.

A

Medulla, Pons, Midbrain
Autonomic

Examples: breathing, respiration, eye movements

44
Q

Corpus callosum connects …

A

L/R hemispheres

45
Q

Diencephalon is composed of ___________, ____________, ______________, ____________.

A

Hypothalamus
Pineal gland
Thalamus
Pituitary gland

46
Q

Basal ganglia control smooth, ____________ movement.

A

Voluntary

47
Q

The Limbic System is composed of 3 parts…

A 
1 Amygdala (links Emotion)
2 Cingulate gyrus (Emotions
3 Hippocampus (Memory + Learning)
48
Q

The Hypothalamus is responsible for _______________ control centre. It maintains ___________, motivates ________ and drinking behaviour. It stimulates _________ centre and interacts with the _________ system.

A 
Homeostatic
Body temperature
Thirst
Satiety
Limbic
49
Q

Cerebellum (“little brain”) coordinates _________.

A

Movement

50
Q

The inability to speak …

A

Broca’s aphasia

51
Q

The inability to understand…

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

52
Q

Neurotransmitter(s) in the SYMPATHETIC pathway:

A

Acetylcholine

Norepinephrine

53
Q

Neurotransmitter(s) in the PARASYMPATHETIC pathway:

A

Acetylcholine

54
Q

Neurotransmitter(s) for an IONOTROPIC response:

A

Nicotinic receptor

55
Q

Neurotransmitter(s) for a METABOTROPIC response:

A

1 Adrenergic receptor (α and β)

2 Muscarinic receptor (M1-M5)

SFU 205 (5 decks)

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