Midterm 2 (Part 1) Flashcards
Mechanoreceptors are for ______.
Touch
Nocireceptors are for ________ and ________.
Pain and Itch
pH, Na+, O2 will activate _________.
Chemoreceptors
Gravity and pressure will activate _________.
Mechanoreceptors
Light will activate _________.
Photoreceptors
Receptor potential is ________. It will either ___________ or __________.
Passive
Depolarize
Hyperpolarize
____________ stimulus is the minimum stimulus needed to produce an ______cellular response. It releases a ____________ or fires an _________________.
Threshold
Intra
Neurotransmitter
AP
Olfactory receptors are actually ____________.
Neurons
Free nerve endings express ____ channels sensitive to ______ or ____________. These have _____ responses.
Ion
Pain
Touch
Slow
Enclosed nerve endings have layers of ____________ tissue. These have _____ responses.
Connective
Fast
Sensory neurons use ___ frequency and burst ___________.
AP (Intensity)
Duration
Secondary neurons have ____________ collaterals that project to neighbouring neurons.
Inhibitory
______ receptors are slowly adapting receptors at respond for the duration of the stimulus.
Tonic
What are the 5 sensory receptor types?
1 Free nerve endings (Temperature) 2 Meissner's corpuscles (Flutter) 3 Pacinian corpuscles (Vibration) 4 Ruffini corpuscles (Stretch) 5 Merkel's discs (Pressure)
Olfactory system pathway
Air ➡️ Nasal cavity (Cranial nerve 1) ➡️ Olfactory bulb ➡️ Olfactory tract ➡️ Olfactory cortex ➡️ Cerebrum or Limbic System
Odorant receptor proteins are all ________.
GPCRs
Signal transduction of Olfactory System (Smell)
G(olf) ➡️ AC ➡️ cAMP ➡️ Cyclic Nucleotide-gated Na+ channels ➡️ AP at hillock
*Inward Na+ influx, DEPOLARIZATION
Taste ligands create ___ signals that release __________ or ATP.
Ca2+
Serotonin
Type I support cells ______ salt, and ________ cells structurally and biochemically.
Sense
Support
Type II cells express __________.
Receptors
Presynaptic cells (Type III) release neurotransmitters onto primary sensory neurons. They’re sensitive to __.
pH
Sweet/Umami/Bitter ligand activate the __________ GPCR. Ca2+ signal triggers ATP formation. ___ is released. Primary sensory neuron fires and AP’s are sent to the brain.
Gustducin
ATP
Sour ligand activate __. Ca2+ signal triggers __________. The nt __________ is released. Primary sensory neuron fires and AP’s are sent to the brain.
H+
Exocytosis
Serotonin
What is the order?
1 Incus
2 Stapes
3 Malleus
3, 1, 2
The Vestibular and Tympanic ducts have _____________. The Cochlear has _____________ which contains ⬆️ __.
Perilymph
Endolymph
K+
Fluid waves from the oval window cause the hair cells to _____ and ion channels _____ which creates an electrical signal that alters _____________ release.
Bend
Open
Neurotransmitter
What part of the ear contains the hair cells?
Organ of Corti
When stereocilia bend, they cause _____________ to open/close gated ion channels. This allows for ____ or ___ flow.
Tip links
Ca2+
K+
At the BASE of the basilar membrane, there is ____ frequency.
High
At the APEX of the basilar membrane, there is ____ frequency.
Low
Auditory information is routed through the ___________.
Thalamus
To see close up, the eye must become ___________ due to ________________. As an object moves farther, the lens ___________ which pull on the ligaments.
Rounder
Accommodation
Flatten
The ___________ epithelium absorb extra __________. They also ____________ old disks at the tips.
Pigment
Light
Phagocytose
The point of absolute fine focus occurs in the ___________.
Macula
What is the pathway of light to the eye?
Rods and Cones ➡️ Bipolar neuron ➡️ Ganglion cell ➡️ Fire AP (optic nerve)
Rods are responsible for ___ light and _______ vision. _____________ is a signal transducer. ______ is the GPCR. ___________ is the visual pigment.
Low Night Rhodopsin Olson Retinal
Cones are responsible for _______ vision and _______ vision. Cone opsin respond to ____________. Light _____________ these cells.
Sharp
Colour
RBG
Hyperpolarize
_______________ from Cis ➡️ Trans causes it to _________ which transduces the intracellular receptor activating the G-protein, ___________.
Photoisomerization
Unkink
Transducin
The neurotransmitter used for phototransduction in Rods is ______________.
Glutamate
The NeuroMuscular Junction consist of _____________, motor end plates, ______________, mitochondria.
Axon terminals
Schwann cell sheaths
Sarcolemma is the _______________ of the muscle.
Plasma membrane
Order the Skeletal Muscle group from greatest to least.
1 Skeletal muscle 2 EPImysium 3 Muscle fascicle 4 PERImysium 5 Muscle fiber 6 ENDOmysium 7 Myofibril 8 Actin + Myosin
Calcium binds to ___________.
Troponin
Nebulin and Titin are structural proteins. Nebulin helps _________ actin, and Titin ___________ myosin.
Align
Stabilizes
The contractile proteins of muscle are ___________ and ___________.
Actin
Myosin
The regulatory proteins of muscle are ___________ and _______________.
Troponin
Tropomysosin
In darkness, rods ____________ to -40mV.
Depolarize
In light, rods ____________ to -70mV.
Hyperpolarize
