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Psych 2BA3 > Positive traits, values and attitudes - GRATITUDE > Flashcards

Positive traits, values and attitudes - GRATITUDE Flashcards

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1
Q

What is gratitude (list of 5 things it is)

A

1) An emotion: an acute, intense, and relatively brief psychophysiological (thoughts and responses of the body) reaction to being the recipient of a benefit (pro-social act) from another
2) A personality trait → individuals who experiences more frequently/with greater intensity
3) A moral virtue
4) A habit → pattern of behaviour
5) A way of life
• Humanist/Buddhist
• Way of approaching life in general

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2
Q

The grateful person is what?

A
  • Motivated to prosocial behaviour
  • Energized to sustain prosocial behaviour → important in the human species as we are very social animals, contribute to survival
  • Inhibited from destructive interpersonal behaviour
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3
Q

What are the 3 functions of gratitude?

A

1) moral barometer: Alerts people to receiving prosocial behaviour from others
2) Moral motivator: Stimulates us to behave prosocially towards others, as they have towards us
3) Moral reinforcer: Reinforce us for prosocial behaviour towards others

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4
Q

How can gratitude be viewed as an affective trait?

A
  • More frequent experiences of gratitude
  • More intense gratitude for event
  • Respond to more situations with gratitude → broader range of gratitude responses to things and people at large
  • Generalize gratitude to more people for given event (spread it more widely)
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5
Q

how do we measure gratitude? (2 ways)

A

Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6)
- Six statements on 7-point Liekert scale, strongly agree to strongly disagree
Gratitude, resentment, Appreciation Test (GRAT)
- 44 items on 3 factors (abundance, simple appreciation, appreciation of others)

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6
Q

What do high scores on the GQ-6 predict

A
  • Observer ratings of gratitude
  • Positive affect
  • Well-being
  • Prosocial behaviour
  • Religiousness, spirituality
  • Low envy and jealousy
  • Low materialism
  • high in Extraversion, Agreeableness
  • Low neuroticism
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7
Q

Which of big five characteristic is correlated to high scores of Gratitude?

A

high in AGREEABLENESS, EXTRAVERSION

low NEUROTICISM

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8
Q

explain the 3 factors by which items on the GRAT are organized

A
  • Abundance (A) - is there enough good things around me
  • Simple appreciation (SA) - enjoy the simple things, life/nature
  • Appreciation of others (AO)
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9
Q

How does GRAT view gratitude?

A
  • Acknowledging important of experiencing and expressing gratitude → this is an important emotion to experience for everybody
  • Lack of resentment with respect to benefits received → feeling that they were deserved, feeling that they weren’t enough or weren’t sufficient
  • Appreciation for contribution of others to benefits received → people are largely responsible
  • Appreciation of frequent simple pleasures rather than extravagant, infrequent pleasures
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10
Q

What have high scores on the GRAT test correlated with?

A
  • Positively correlated with satisfaction with life scale (SWLS): r = .50 to .60 (25-30% OF VARIANCE ACCOUNTED FOR BY GRATITUDE)
  • Negatively correlated with Beck Depression Inventory: r =-.34 to -.56 10-25%
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11
Q

How did two kinds of gratitude affect marital status in 50 couples long relationship couples (Gordon 2011)

what was the surprising finding in this study?

A

• Two kinds: extent to which they felt grateful and the extent they expressed that gratitude to their partner

  • Both felt and expressed gratitude positively related to marital satisfaction
  • Felt gratitude predicted spouse’s satisfaction
  • Expressed gratitude did not → expressing is not important
  • Your feelings of gratitude may be conveyed in a way that is not captured by expression
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12
Q

how did gratitude effect relationships in gordon et al’s 2012 study?

A

if appreciated by partner, then more appreciative of partner; more responsive to partner’s needs, more committed to relationship

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13
Q

what did Algoe, Gable & Maisel (2010) find about gratitude and indebtedness in cohabiting couples

A

• Thoughtful behaviour motivated both gratitude and indebtedness
• Gratitude predicted increased relationship connection and satisfaction on following day
= immediate effect

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14
Q

what did Grant & Gino (2010) find about written expressions of gratitude motivate prosocial behaviour in helpers:

A
  • Expressions of gratitude motivate helper to be prosocial toward grateful beneficiary, and to others
  • Effects of gratitude mediated by feelings of social worth (two aspects of self-esteem), not by affect or sense of self-efficacy
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15
Q

What did Froh, Bono & Emmons (2010) find using a longitudinal study (3 measurements) of 700 adolescents’ gratitude and social integration (belongingness)

A
  • T1 gratitude predicted T2 prosocial behaviour and T3 social integration, mediated by life satisfaction → gratitude and prosocial behaviour reinforce each other and lead to higher levels
  • Also reported higher levels of positive affect but no difference in negative affect
  • Gratitude and prosocial behaviour serially enhanced each other; upward spiral toward more emotional, social well-being
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16
Q

How does gratitude intereact with health based on what Kendler et al (2003) found in 2600 twins

A

thankfulness associated with reduced risk of internalizing (anxiety, depression) and externalizing disorders (antisocial behaviours, aggression, hostility)
• Cannot determine causality

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17
Q

what did Wood et al (2009) find gratitude was associated with regarding sleep?

A

better sleep quality, duration, lower daytime dysfunction (anxiety, depression, interpersonal discord)
• Relationship mediated by more positive, fewer negative pre-sleep thoughts
• All relationship independent of personality traits, social desirability (worthiness)

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18
Q

What did kubacka et al (2011) 4-year study of marital satisfaction find about relationship maintenance in couples?

A
  • Gratitude toward partner based on partner’s relationship maintenance behaviours
  • Gratitude toward partner based on partner’s relationship maintenance behaviours in reciprocal form → virtuous spiral
19
Q
  • Gratitude (and forgiveness) strongly associated with ________ in ________ patients
    > what was this mediated by?
A

well-being in psychotherapy outpatients (Toussaint & Freedman, 2009)
• Largely mediated by high affect, positive beliefs

20
Q

Writing about gratitude in one group (as opposed to hassle condition) associated with higher levels of what?

A

several measures of well-being in experimental study (Emmons & McCullough, 2003)
- suggests a causal link

21
Q

what did Kendler et al (2003) find thankfullness was associated with in 2600 twins

A

thankfulness associated with reduced risk of internalizing (anxiety, depression), externalizing disorders (antisocial behaviours, aggression, hostility)
• Cannot determine causality

22
Q
  • Gratitude fully mediated relationship between ________ partially mediated relationship between ________(Ziskis, 2011)
A

1) Agreeableness & SWB

2) SWB & Extroversion

23
Q

Kahlo (2010) found positive relationship between gratitude (GRAT) and what multiple dimensions of wellness in 160 university students

A
  • Generally psychological and physical wellness
  • Positive relationship between GRAT and every measure of wellness that they looked at
  • No causality
24
Q

what did Toepfer, Cichy & Peters (2012) find about writing letters of gratitude

A

they increased happiness, life satisfaction, and reduced depressive symptoms
• We can draw causal conclusions as they did a manipulation
• Expressing sentiments of gratitude does produce positive effects

25
Q

what did Ruini & Vescovelli (2012) find in 67 breast cancer patients, by comparing those expressing high vs low levels of gratitude (GQ-6), split in the middle of the scale (27 high, 40 low)

A
  • Gratitude positively related to all aspects of post-traumatic growth, and to positive well-being
  • Gratitude negatively related to anxiety, depression, hostility-irritability
26
Q

what did Vernon et al (2009); Vernon (2012) find about Coping and PTSD symptoms in 182 university women with trauma history

> similar results found in combat veterans

A
  • Gratitude expressions after the trauma was negatively related to PTSD symptoms
  • Post-trauma gratitude negatively related to PTSD symptom severity
  • Relationship holds after controlling for trauma history, severity, time since trauma
27
Q
  • Satisfaction with life (SWLS – Diener’s scale) correlated positively with ______?
A

gratitude (and optimism)

28
Q
  • Grateful disposition, trait gratitude (and forgiveness) jointly predict what?
A

SWB in older Christians (Scheidle, 2011)

29
Q
  • _________gratitude positively related to meaningful life orientation to happiness, and personal accomplishment. Negatively with aspects of _______, in Hong Kong (Chan, 2010)
A

dispositional gratitude

negatively with burnout

30
Q
  • Gratitude predicted what in Taiwanese HS athletes. Negatively related to ____ (Chen & Kee, 2008)
A

1) life satisfaction, team satisfaction

2) athlete burnout

31
Q
  • Gratitude explained significant variance in ________ well-being and _______ after controlling for facets of Big 5 (Wood, Joseph & Maltby, 2009)
A

psychological well being and life satisfaction

32
Q

how does gratitude facilitate coping with strength?

A

Providing useful coping skills
→ more grateful = more likely to seek support
• Positive reframing (useful cognition): focus on benefits, others; less focus on losses → similar to optimism, positive outcomes in negative situations
• Active, approach-oriented problem-solving

33
Q

How does gratitude reduce negative comparisons?

A
  • Tend not to make these comparisons to the same degree or extent
  • With others better off than oneself (envy)
  • With better possible life outcomes than one had (regret)
34
Q

How does gratitude Reduce materialistic strivings

A
  • Materialistic strivings associated with lower SWB
  • With better possible life outcomes than one had (regret)
  • Grateful people less materialistic (McCullough et al, 2002)
  • Gratitude mediates relationship between materialism and well-being
35
Q

what 6 ways does gratitude improve Well-being?

A

1) Facilitates coping with stress
2) Reduces negative comparisons
3) Reduces materialistic strivings
4) Improves self esteem
5) Enhances accessibility of positive emotions
6) Builds social resources

36
Q

how does memory enhance accessibility of positive emotions?

A
  • Grateful people have positive memory bias → prime or make more accessible positive emotions
  • Gratitude promotes closure of unpleasant open memories (Watkins et al, 2008)
37
Q

how can gratitude build social resources

A
  • Forms new relationships; broaden thought-action repertoires
  • Strengthens existing relationships: more desirable friends and partners
38
Q

Emmons & McCullough (2003) find about how people make lists

A
  • Grateful listers more optimistic about future, in better health, spent more time exercising, more PA (mediating positive attitudes on future grateful events) than Hassles, Events or Comparison listers
  • No relation to negative affects that they were experiencing → different continuums
39
Q

Watkins et al (2003) found More _________ in conditions in which Ps think about, write about gratitude, or write letter to giver than in control condition

A

positive affect

40
Q

what did Chan (2010, 2011) find when Teachers write about things they are grateful for

A

in Hong Kong Chinese teachers raises PA, satisfaction with life,
• Effect greatest in those with lowest measure of gratitude

41
Q
  • Carson et al (2010) found Mental health outpatients who kept monthly gratitude diary reported what ?
A

improved life satisfaction, higher social feelings (connection with others, social belongingness), greater gratitude
• Recall of gratefulness → greater sense of gratitude

42
Q

what di Froh, Sefick& Emmons (2008) find in 8-16 year olds
placed in Three conditions → gratitude, hassles, and events

A

• Early adolescents in gratitude condition (compared with Hassles, or Events conditions) reported more gratitude, optimism, PA, life satisfaction, satisfaction with school experience at 3-week follow-up (even though not about school events → just life teachers reporting greater satisfaction with their job)

43
Q
  • Froh et al (2009)

found that Children, adolescents who delivered letter of gratitude (and were initially low in PA) reported more what?

A

more PA than events listers at 2-month follow-up

• Impact was greatest on those who were initially low in positive affect

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