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Psych 2BA3 > Positive emotions part 1 > Flashcards

Positive emotions part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How do we go about defining happiness in the hedonic tradition according to Aristippus

A

Aristippus: not just sensual pleasure
• Pursuit and achievement of pleasure
• Aristippus → intellectual, sensory pleasures
• Followers → emphasize the sensual pleasures, food, drinks, sex

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2
Q

How do we go about defining happiness in the hedonic tradition according to Freud

A

Freud: sexuality and aggression

• Happiness was achieved in individuals who are able to love and to work

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3
Q

What is most modern research in the hedonic tradition about

A

happiness, or subjective well-being (SWB)

• Asking people how happy they are

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4
Q

How do we go about defining happiness in the Eudaimonic tradition according to Aristotle?

A

Aristotle: life of moral, intellectual virtue
• Moral virtue → practicing moral behaviour
• Intellectual virtues → wisdom, knowledge, through teaching
• Not the emotion of happiness but leading a good life

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5
Q

How do we go about defining happiness in the Eudaimonic tradition according to Rogers and Maslow?

A

Rodgers, Maslow
• Humanist
• Leading a life that has meaning, purpose, value, contributes to the well-being of those around us

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6
Q

How do we go about defining happiness in Process theories according to Csikszentmihalyi

A

autotelic activities → flow, engaged in for their own sake with no expectation that they will lead to a goal or personal payback
• Not happy when engaged in flow activities but result of those activities

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7
Q

How do we go about defining happiness in Process theories according to Snyder?

A

Snyder: hope = goal expectancy

• Hope was the source of happiness

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8
Q

what is Meaningfulness as goal selection?

A

• Central process of happiness is creating meaning in ones life

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9
Q

Who is Ed Diener?

A
  • Past president of APS

* Current president of IPPA (International Positive Psychology Association)

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10
Q

What is objective well-being?

A

→ income, health status, employment, economic and social measures

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11
Q

What is subjective well being?

A

→ assessed in some European countries, and UN movement
o Positive affect → high levels
o Negative affect → low levels
o Assessing positive and negative ratio

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12
Q

Are Measures of positive and negative affect are highly negatively coordinated with each other ?

A

NO, they are separate dimensions which must be measured separately

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13
Q

What is life satisfaction?

A

→ how happy are you with various parts of your life
→ Different domains which are assessed and given a number
→ Cognitive component

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14
Q

What is PANAS? what are the positive and negative emotions

A
  • Developed by Morgan and Clark
  • 20 item, 5-choice Likert scale
  • Positive emotions: interested, excited, strong, enthusiastic, proud, alert, inspired, determined, attentive, active
  • Negative emotions: distressed, upset, guilty, scared, hostile, irritable, ashamed, nervous, jittery, afraid
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15
Q

What is PANAS-X (positive, negative and other emotions scales)

A

Much bigger scale
- 60 item, 5 choice Likert scale
• 11 scales based on factor analysis of positive emotions

Positive emotion scales
• Joviality (8), Self-assurance(6), Attentiveness (4)

Negative emotion scales:
• Fear (6), Hostility (6), Guilt (6):
Sadness (5)

Other affective scales
• Shyness (4), Fatigue (4), Serenity(3), Surprise (3)

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16
Q

what is the subjective happiness scale? (SHS)

A
  • Lyubomirsky & Lepper (1999)
  • 4 items, 7-choice Likert scale – choices vary
  • “In general, I consider myself…”: not a very happy person…A very happy person
  • “Compared to most peers, I consider myself…”: Less happy….More happy
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17
Q

What is the satisfaction with life scale?

A
  • Diener et al (1985)
  • 5 items, 7-choice Likert scale (Strongly agree…Strongly disagree)
  • In most ways, my life is close to my ideal
  • The conditions of my life are excellent
  • I am satisfied with my life
    etc.
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18
Q

what is trait happiness?

A

tendency to maintain a particular, generally stable, consistent level of happiness throughout life
• Reflection of personality
• Typically what we measure

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19
Q

whats the difference between trait happiness adn state?

A

state (daily variations around the average)

  • Most of the research based on trait happiness
  • Significant life events cause changes in state happiness → those levels generally trend back up or down towards the average
  • Lottery vs. recent paraplegics → within a few months their level of happiness had returned to their pre-event level of happiness
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20
Q

What is the amount of time it takes to adapt to certain life events / to return to baseline happiness (marriage, widowhood, divorce, unemployment, long-term disability)

A
  • Marriage: 2 years (boost → return to baseline)
  • Widowhood: 8 years (takes a bit longer, for women)
  • Divorce: long-term effects
  • Unemployment: long-term effects
  • Long-term disability: 8 years
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21
Q

How do you measure SWB in children?

A
  • PANAS-C (C for children)
  • 6 or 7 - 18yrs
    Other scales
  • Students’ life satisfaction scale
  • Multidimensional students’ life satisfaction scale
22
Q

What are the dimensions in the Multidimensional students’ life satisfaction scale?

A

1) Family
2) Friends
3) Self (what you think about yourself)
4) Living environment
5) School

23
Q

How does LS correlate with life events?

A
  • Positive daily events: r = .39
  • Negative daily events: r =-.39
  • Positive major events: r =.30
  • Negative major events: r = -.22
24
Q

what personal attributes are correlated with life satisfaction

A
  • Self-esteem
  • Internal locus of control
  • Emotionally stable temperament → no correlation in adults but yes in children
  • Attribution style
  • Unrelated to IQ
25
Q

What is an Internal locus of control

A

→ personal sense we have of who is control of us, internal locus of control is that we are in charge of our lives → Maslow’s HONESTY, we are in control of our decisions not extrinsic factors of control

26
Q

What attribution style goes along with life satisfaction?

A

→ why events have taken place
• Optimism/pessimism
• Best when we attribute good things to ourselves
• Interpret Good events as stable, internal, global → contusive to our happiness
• Bad events → due to things external to ourselves
• unstable, external, local

27
Q

What characteristics are present in children who had warm, attentive parenting?

A
  • Social competence → more friends, better able to maintain friendships and a wider social circle
  • Lower levels of both internalizing and externalizing behaviours
28
Q

What are internalizing and externalizing behaviours?

A

1) Externalizing problems: acting out

2) Internalizing: anxiety depression

29
Q

What are causal mechanisms for warm relationship between mother and child?

A

• Child’s own Temperament → leaves the parent to behave in a warmer parenting style
• Continuity of caregiving quality → 15-18 months of positive parenting, if it later declines relationship does not change
• Emotion regulation styles
→ Bring out warm and successful parenting (Parenting = effect)
• Internal working model
→ model for all future relationships

30
Q

Huebner found that for children 10-13 LS was more related to what?

A

LS more related to satisfaction with family than to friends; no relation to demographics, or grades → role of peers becomes as important later on

31
Q

what did Amata (1994) find made individual contributions to LS?

A

emotional closeness to mothers, fathers, make independent contributions to LS / SWB

32
Q

what did Demo & Alcock (1996) find was the strongest predictor of adolescent well-being

A

mother-adolescent disagreement

• Difficulty → mother and daughter

33
Q

Does having children effect SWB?

A

→ answer is not clear
- Childlessness by choice has no negative impact on SWB
direction
→ being happy could have lead to the couples having more children, children might not add to the happiness

34
Q

What is the effect of SWB for only children?

A
  • Only children do not have lower SWB; may have higher SWB → believed that only children were at a disadvantage as they do not have siblings to interact with, in fact if the trend in the literature is correct, it is more likely that only children may have higher SWB
    • Only child full recipient of parental attention
    • Increased quality of parenting
35
Q

What is the effect on SWB for first borns?

A
  • First born tend to come out very well compared with later born in an extended family → time spent with parents
36
Q

what did Polit and falco find about only children adn middle children

A

only children better psychological adjustment than middle children → middle children tend to have more difficult time adjusting

37
Q

Low warmth, high hostility = ?

A

= lower SWB, more externalizing, poorer peer relationships

38
Q

• Negative relationship with siblings = ?

A

negative impact on SWB, high levels of acting out and poor peer relationships

39
Q

Sibling favouritism =

A

lower SWB, emotional and behavioural problems
• If parents, in the eyes of the child, have favouritism
→ Externalizing behaviour in less favourite child
→ Typical in sibling dyads

40
Q

what is the effect of marriage on SWB?

A

higher SWB than single, divorced

  • Greater emotional commitment to the relationship = greater SWB
  • Less benefit in collectivist countries
41
Q

Why is there a positive effect of marriage on SWB

A
  • SWB may influence events in marriage → higher SWB may lead to more positive events in marriage
  • Higher SWB = greater chance of marriage → different causation?
  • Marriage = emotional support, financial support, less stress and higher levels of satisfaction
  • Social support for marriage → people who are married are looked upon more nicely by society
42
Q

what did Lucas (2005) find in a sample of 30,000 German with regards to marriage and SWB?

A
  • Those who got married, stayed married had higher SWB long before marriage
  • After two years of marriage you return to normal levels of SWB
43
Q

How does extraversion relate to positive affect and SWB?

A

pos. correlation with PA and SWB

44
Q

What is neuroticism associated with?

A

→ associated with depression, anxiety

  • positive correlation w negative affect
  • neg correlation w SWB
45
Q

How does agreeableness relate to positive and negative affect?

A
  • pos correlation with positive affect

- neg correlation w neg affect

46
Q

what is h2

A

measure to which the variability can be associated with variability of the genomes in some population

47
Q

What did Telegan et al find about the heritability of PA, NA and SWB in MZ and DZ twins reared together or apart?

A
  • Positive affect: h2 = .40
  • Negative affect h2 = .55
  • Well-being: h2 = .48
48
Q

What did Roysamb et al (2002): adult MZ and DZ twins find

A
  • Global SWB: h2 = .46 (males); .54 (females)
  • No influence of shared environment → only component of importance was non shared → linked to positive daily events that the individual experiences
49
Q

What did Stubbe et al (2005) find about adult MZ and DZ twins vs. siblings

A
  • Life satisfaction: h2 = .38

* All effects non-additive

50
Q

Overall is SWB heritable

A
  • Seems to be some genetic components

- Expected to be higher in our society as we have unique non-shared environments

Psych 2BA3 (11 decks)

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